Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis associated with cytomegalovirus infection.

Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis complicating Salmonella Paratyphi A infection

“…However, to date H. influenzae strain bearing anti-GQ1b epitope has only been isolated from MFS [13], but not BBE. M. pneumoniae, varicella-zoster, cytomegalovirus and mumps have also been associated with BBE in the literature [14][15][16].…”

Anti‐GQ1b antibody status, magnetic resonance imaging, and the nosology of Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis

“…However, as demonstrated by the current case and others (Hagenkotter et al ., 1998; Volonté et al ., 1999), the clinical and neuroradiological features of patients labelled as BBE can occur in the absence of anti‐GQ1b antibodies. Conversely, anti‐GQ1b positive patients diagnosed with BBE on clinical grounds may not have MR imaging abnormalities (Yuki et al ., 1993, 2000; Kanzaki et al ., 1995; Saito et al ., 2000; Tagawa and Yuki, 2000). Thus, a double dissociation between brainstem abnormalities on MR imaging and the presence of anti‐GQ1b antibodies may occur in cases diagnosed as BBE on clinical grounds.…”

“…Anti‐glycolipid antibodies directed against the GQ1b epitope, which are typically present in around 90% of MFS cases (Chiba et al ., 1992; Willison et al ., 1993a) have been reported in some cases of BBE and suggest a shared pathogenesis (Yuki et al ., 1993). Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearances have been reported to be normal in some cases of BBE (Yuki et al ., 1993, 2000; Kanzaki et al ., 1995; Saito et al ., 2000; Tagawa and Yuki, 2000); however, in others, pontine swelling (Furman et al ., 1985), and high‐signal lesions on T 2 ‐weighted scans in the upper mesencephalon, cerebellum and thalamus have been documented (Yaqub et al ., 1990; Kikuchi et al ., 1997; Hagenkotter et al ., 1998) which may migrate and regress with clinical course. Similar MR images have occasionally been reported in patients diagnosed with MFS (Taphoorn et al ., 1989; Giroud et al ., 1990; Petty et al ., 1993; Echariz‐Laguna et al ., 2000).…”

Cytomegalovirus Meningoencephalitis with Paroxysmal Course in Immunocompetent Adults: A New Nosographical Entity

“…In fact, both cases are lethal, in spite of their specific antiviral therapy, ganciclovir and acyclovir [25, 26]. On the contrary, the prognosis of the first group is very favourable, both in the cases treated with antiviral drugs, adenine arabinoside, ganciclovir and acyclovir [5, 6, 8, 11, 17, 26, 27, 28], and in those cases not treated with antiviral drugs [6, 29]. In fact, only 3 cases out of 14 presented some sequelae.…”