Bidirectional Association Between Cardiovascular Disease and Lung Cancer in a Prospective Cohort Study

The association of maternal smoking around birth with chronic respiratory diseases in adult offspring: A Mendelian randomization study

“…This is a two-sample MR study design based on summary-level data. An MR analysis depends on the assumptions ( Figure 1 ) that: the genetic variants are strongly associated with the exposure (the relevance assumption); are not associated with confounders of the exposure-outcome relationship (the independence assumption); and have an effect on the outcome through the exposure only and not through any other causal pathway (the exclusion restriction assumption) 14 .…”

Evidence based on Mendelian randomization: Causal relationship between mitochondrial biological function and lung cancer and its subtypes

“…(2) The assumption of independence denotes that IVs and the outcome variables, namely lung cancer and its subtypes, remain uncorrelated with any other confounding factors; (3) IVs can solely impact lung cancer by modulating mitochondrial activity without the involvement of any additional pathways ( Fig. 1 ) [11] . To identify suitable IVs, we selected SNPs displaying strong associations with folic acid products as IVs, with a selection criterion of P < 5e-06.…”