“Big it up”: endoreduplication and cell-size control in plants

Sugimoto‐Shirasu, Keiko; Roberts, Keith

doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2003.09.009

Cited by 508 publications

(428 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…This curve reflects the fact that the cell layers located in the middle of pericarp (layers 8, 9, 10) were already present at anthesis and therefore were the first to enter the growth phase while the intermediate layers (3-7 and 11 and 12) which were formed successively in the course of fruit development entered the growth phase later. The global distribution of EI according to cell layer is similar to that of cell area, confirming, at the cell layer level, the link between endoreduplication and cell growth which has been reported in several plant organs (Sugimoto-Shirasu and Roberts, 2003;Kondorosi and Kondorosi, 2004). However a high EI is observed in the small cells of external layers 2 and 3, suggesting that endoreduplication can take place in the quasi-absence of cell growth or before the onset of the cell growth phase.…”

Section: The Ploidy Distribution In Tomato Pericarp Follows a Specifisupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Compared with conventional fluorometry already used with plant tissues (Melaragno et al, 1993), BAC-FISH dot counting is a method devoid of the constraints of assessing and integrating total nuclear fluorescence intensity. It appears more robust for endopolyploidy studies in tissues containing large cells; an important point since endopolyploidy has been described as being correlated with cell size (Sugimoto-Shirasu and Roberts, 2003;Cheniclet et al, 2005). This method is also compatible with the study of endopolyploidy in tissues containing compounds emitting autofluorescence.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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In planta quantification of endoreduplication using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

et al. 2011

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SUMMARYEndopolyploidy, i.e. amplification of the genome in the absence of mitosis, occurs in many plant species and happens along with organ and cell differentiation. Deciphering the functional roles of endopolyploidy is hampered by the fact that polyploid tissues generally comprise cells with various ploidy levels. In some fleshy fruits (amongst them tomato fruit) the ploidy levels present at the end of development range from 2C to 256C in the same tissue. To investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of endopolyploidy it is necessary to address the DNA content of individual nuclei in situ. Conventional methods such as fluorometry or densitometry can be used for some tissues displaying favorable characteristics, e.g. small cells, small nuclei, organization in a monolayer, but high levels of varying polyploidy are usually associated with large sizes of nuclei and cells, in a complex three dimensional (3-D) organization of the tissues. The conventional methods are inadequate for such tissue, becoming semi-quantitative and imprecise. We report here the development of a new method based on fluorescent in situ bacterial artificial chromosome hybridizations that allows the in situ determination of the DNA ploidy level of individual nuclei. This method relies on the counting of hybridization signals and not on intensity measurements and is expected to provide an alternative method for mapping endopolyploidy patterns in mature, 3-D organized plant tissues as illustrated by the analysis of ploidy level and cell size in pericarp from mature green tomato fruit.

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Section: The Ploidy Distribution In Tomato Pericarp Follows a Specifisupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

In planta quantification of endoreduplication using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

et al. 2011

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“…KAK is also expressed in cambium, a secondary meristem that gives rise to both phloem and secondary xylem, where the gene has been suggested to have a role in defining the balance between xylem and phloem formation during vascular development 57 . In leaves, endoreduplication is associated with an increase in cell size and rapid growth, and also higher stress tolerance 58,59 . If KAK is indeed a general regulator of endoreduplication, its correlation with temperature may be of adaptive significance to silver birch.…”

Section: Candidate Gene Adaptation Correlates With Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome sequencing and population genomic analyses provide insights into the adaptive landscape of silver birch

Salojärvi¹,

Smolander²,

Nieminen³

et al. 2017

Nat Genet

246

253

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Forest ecosystems maintain a large share of Northern Hemisphere biodiversity. Boreal forests comprise roughly 30% of global forest area 1 and contain the highest tree density among climate zones 2 . Moreover, boreal regions are undergoing extensive climate change. Annual temperature increases exceeding 1.5 °C are projected to result in a warming of 4-11 °C by the end of this century, with little concomitant increase in precipitation 1 . At this pace, climate zones will shift northward at a greater speed than trees can migrate 3 . To understand how future populations of forest trees may respond to climate change, it is essential to uncover past and present signatures of molecular adaptation in their genomes. Silver birch, B. pendula, is a pioneer species in boreal forests of Eurasia. Flowering of the species can be artificially accelerated 4 , giving it an advantage over other tree species with published genome sequences (such as poplar 5 , spruce 6 , and pine 7 ) for the optimization of fiber and biomass production.Here we sequenced 150 birch individuals and assembled a B. pendula reference genome from a fourth-generation inbred line, resulting in a high-quality assembly of 435 Mb that was linked to chromosomes using a dense genetic map. We analyzed SNPs in the genomes of 80 birch individuals spanning most of the geographic range of B. pendula, as well as seven other members of Betulaceae. Population genomic analyses of these data provide insights into the deep-time evolution of the birch family and on recent natural selection acting on silver birch.Genome sequencing and population genomic analyses provide insights into the adaptive landscape of silver birch Silver birch (Betula pendula) is a pioneer boreal tree that can be induced to flower within 1 year. Its rapid life cycle, small (440-Mb) genome, and advanced germplasm resources make birch an attractive model for forest biotechnology. We assembled and chromosomally anchored the nuclear genome of an inbred B. pendula individual. Gene duplicates from the paleohexaploid event were enriched for transcriptional regulation, whereas tandem duplicates were overrepresented by environmental responses. Population resequencing of 80 individuals showed effective population size crashes at major points of climatic upheaval. Selective sweeps were enriched among polyploid duplicates encoding key developmental and physiological triggering functions, suggesting that local adaptation has tuned the timing of and cross-talk between fundamental plant processes. Variation around the tightlylinked light response genes PHYC and FRS10 correlated with latitude and longitude and temperature, and with precipitation for PHYC. Similar associations characterized the growth-promoting cytokinin response regulator ARR1, and the wood development genes KAK and MED5A.A full list of affiliations appears at the end of the paper.

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“…These observations are in agreement with those showing that MeJA reduces cell size in leaves and that this process is COI1 dependent. The process of endoreduplication normally occurs in expanding root hairs (Sugimoto-Shirasu and Roberts, 2003;Sugimoto-Shirasu et al, 2005;Guimil and Dunand, 2007). The comparison of the effect of MeJA and the role of COI1 in root cells and root hair cells would suggest that COI1 has a differential role in mediating endoreduplication and/or cell expansion.…”

Section: Meja Reduces Both Cell Division and Cell Expansion And Delaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Jasmonate Controls Leaf Growth by Repressing Cell Proliferation and the Onset of Endoreduplication while Maintaining a Potential Stand-By Mode

et al. 2013

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Phytohormones regulate plant growth from cell division to organ development. Jasmonates (JAs) are signaling molecules that have been implicated in stress-induced responses. However, they have also been shown to inhibit plant growth, but the mechanisms are not well understood. The effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on leaf growth regulation were investigated in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants altered in JA synthesis and perception, allene oxide synthase and coi1-16B (for coronatine insensitive1), respectively. We show that MeJA inhibits leaf growth through the JA receptor COI1 by reducing both cell number and size. Further investigations using flow cytometry analyses allowed us to evaluate ploidy levels and to monitor cell cycle progression in leaves and cotyledons of Arabidopsis and/or Nicotiana benthamiana at different stages of development. Additionally, a novel global transcription profiling analysis involving continuous treatment with MeJA was carried out to identify the molecular players whose expression is regulated during leaf development by this hormone and COI1. The results of these studies revealed that MeJA delays the switch from the mitotic cell cycle to the endoreduplication cycle, which accompanies cell expansion, in a COI1-dependent manner and inhibits the mitotic cycle itself, arresting cells in G1 phase prior to the S-phase transition. Significantly, we show that MeJA activates critical regulators of endoreduplication and affects the expression of key determinants of DNA replication. Our discoveries also suggest that MeJA may contribute to the maintenance of a cellular "stand-by mode" by keeping the expression of ribosomal genes at an elevated level. Finally, we propose a novel model for MeJA-regulated COI1-dependent leaf growth inhibition.

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“Big it up”: endoreduplication and cell-size control in plants

Cited by 508 publications

References 61 publications

In planta quantification of endoreduplication using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

In planta quantification of endoreduplication using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

Genome sequencing and population genomic analyses provide insights into the adaptive landscape of silver birch

Jasmonate Controls Leaf Growth by Repressing Cell Proliferation and the Onset of Endoreduplication while Maintaining a Potential Stand-By Mode

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