Bilateral elongated styloid process (Eagle’s syndrome) - a case report and short review

Panwar, Arun; Keluskar, Vaishali; Charantimath, Shivayogi; S, Lokesh Kumar; Sridhar, M; T, Jayapriya

doi:10.1080/23772484.2022.2077206

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The stylohyoid ligament connects the tip of the styloid process to the ipsilateral lesser cornu of the hyoid bone. 4 Eagle's Syndrome was first reported by otorhinolaryngology's, Watt W. Eagle in 1937 and is characterized by the simultaneous presence of elongated styloid process and/or face pain. It frequently occurs as an incidental finding when asymptomatic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lengths of the right and left styloid processes were 60.5mm and 70.74mm,respectively, which is one of the longest ever reported. 4 The etiopathogenesis of Eagle's Syndrome is still believed to be uncertain. But, various theories have been proposed, including congenitally elongated styloid process due to perseverance of the stylohyoid cartilage, idiopathic calcification of the stylohyoid ligament and ossification at the origin of the stylohyoid ligament.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But, various theories have been proposed, including congenitally elongated styloid process due to perseverance of the stylohyoid cartilage, idiopathic calcification of the stylohyoid ligament and ossification at the origin of the stylohyoid ligament. 4 It was suggested that surgical trauma, chronic irritations at a localized site, endocrine disorders and trauma during development of the styloid process could lead to ossified hyperplasia of the styloid process. 7 Eagle's Syndrome has been found to be associated with both unilateral and bilateral elongated styloid process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eagle reported that medial deviation of the SP leads to increase in the severity of the symptoms. 4 The carotid artery subtype may be considered when the posteroanterior radiographs show extreme medial deviation. 8 Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 There have been numerous pathophysiological mechanisms explaining the symptoms of Eagle's Syndrome -proliferation of granulation tissue secondary to traumatic fracture of the styloid process creating pressure on the surrounding structures, compression of the adjacent lying glossopharyngeal nerve or chorda tympani nerve, degeneration and inflammation in the tendonous segment of the styloid process, called insertion tendonitis or 'pseudostylohyoid syndrome', irritation to the pharyngeal mucosa either through compression or by post-tonsil surgery scarring and irritation of the sympathetic nerve plexus in the arterial sheath due to impingement of the arterial vessels. 4 Any suspicion of Eagle's syndrome is further followed by radiographic examination. The basic imaging modalities frequently used are panoramic radiography, lateral head and neck, antero-posterior view, and lateral-oblique view.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eagle’s syndrome –A case report

Divya¹,

Jhunjhunwala

Salgia³

et al. 2022

IJMI

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Eagle’s syndrome is a condition associated with the elongation of the styloid process or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament, clinically characterised by throat and neck pain, radiating into the ear. A styloid process is considered elongated or abnormal when it exceeds a normal length of 25-27 mm. However, elongation of the ossified styloid ligament is insufficient for diagnosing Eagle’s syndrome. Instead, a constellation of symptoms in history, as mentioned above, and physical and radiographic examinations contribute to diagnosis. In this report, we describe the case of a 71-year-old man who presented with long standing orofacial pain due to unilateral elongated styloid process on the right side.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eagle’s syndrome –A case report

Divya¹,

Jhunjhunwala

Salgia³

et al. 2022

IJMI

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Dysphagia Due to an Extremely Long Styloid Process: A Case Report of Eagle Syndrome

Albayat¹,

Habeeb²,

Jawad³

2023

Cureus

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Dysphagia is a relatively common condition in the general population and has a wide range of underlying etiologies. We present the case of a 58-year-old male who presented with a complaint of progressive difficulty swallowing for two years in duration associated with unintentional weight loss. He has been using a proton pump inhibitor therapy for more than one year, but he had only mild improvement in his symptoms. Recently, the patient started to experience neck pain during swallowing and he underwent a head and neck computed tomography scan, which demonstrated an extensive elongation of the left styloid process that measured 14.9 cm. The clinical and imaging findings were consistent with Eagle syndrome and the decision was made to perform a resection of the left styloid process. Excision of the left styloid process was made using the external cervical approach. At the follow-up visit, the patient reported a near-complete resolution of his complaints. Eagle syndrome is a very rare etiology of dysphagia. The case highlights an example of Eagle syndrome with an extremely long styloid process. This diagnosis should be considered when encountering a patient with dysphagia and neck pain.

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Artificial Intelligence: A Reliable Tool to Detect the Elongation of the Styloid Process

Jeevitha S,

Kumar S,

Yadalam

2023

Cureus

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Background Eagle's syndrome is characterized by the anomalous elongation of the styloid process. This condition is usually identified through the manual evaluation of orthopantomogram (OPG) images, which is time-consuming and can have interobserver variability. The application of Artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology is gaining importance and interest in recent years. The application of AI in detecting styloid process elongation is less explored, advocating for research in the same arena. Aim and objectives The study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of artificial intelligence in detecting styloid process elongation in digital OPGs and to compare the performance of the three different AI algorithms with that of the manual radiographic evaluation by the radiologist. Materials and methods A total of 400 digital OPGs were screened, and linear measurements of the styloid process length (ImageJ software (National Institute of Health, Maryland, USA)) were done for the identification of styloid process elongation by a single calibrated observer to finally include a processed image dataset including 169 images of the elongated styloid process and 200 images of the normal styloid process. A machine learning approach was used to detect the styloid process elongation using the three different AI models: logistic regression, neural network, and Naïve Bayes algorithms in Orange software (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia). Performance evaluation was done using the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, recall, F1 score, and AUC-ROC (area under the receiver operating characteristic) curve. Results Logistic regression and neural network algorithms depicted the highest accuracy of 100% with no false positives or false negatives, securing a score of 1.000 for all the metrics. However, the Naïve Bayes model demonstrated a fairly considerable accuracy, classifying 49 false positive images and 59 false negative images with an AUC (area under the curve) score of 78 %. Nevertheless, it performed better than random guessing. Conclusion Logistic regression and neural network algorithms accurately detected styloid process elongation similar to that of manual radiographic evaluation. The Naïve Bayes algorithm did not perform an accurate classification yet performed better than random guessing. AI holds a promising scope for its application in automatically detecting styloid process elongation in digital OPGs.

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Bilateral elongated styloid process (Eagle’s syndrome) - a case report and short review

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

Eagle’s syndrome –A case report

Eagle’s syndrome –A case report

Dysphagia Due to an Extremely Long Styloid Process: A Case Report of Eagle Syndrome

Artificial Intelligence: A Reliable Tool to Detect the Elongation of the Styloid Process

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