Bile acids, gut microbiota, and therapeutic insights in hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent and aggressive liver malignancy. The interplay between bile acids (BAs) and the gut microbiota has emerged as a critical factor in HCC development and progression. Under normal conditions, BA metabolism is tightly regulated through a bidirectional interplay between gut microorganisms and BAs. The gut microbiota plays a critical role in BA metabolism, and BAs are endogenous signaling molecules that help maintain liver and intestinal homeostasis. Of note, dysbiotic changes in the gut microbiota during pathogenesis and cancer development can disrupt BA homeostasis, thereby leading to liver inflammation and fibrosis, and ultimately contributing to HCC development. Therefore, understanding the intricate interplay between BAs and the gut microbiota is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms underlying hepatocarcinogenesis. In this review, we comprehensively explore the roles and functions of BA metabolism, with a focus on the interactions between BAs and gut microorganisms in HCC. Additionally, therapeutic strategies targeting BA metabolism and the gut microbiota are discussed, including the use of BA agonists/antagonists, probiotic/prebiotic and dietary interventions, fecal microbiota transplantation, and engineered bacteria. In summary, understanding the complex BA-microbiota crosstalk can provide valuable insights into HCC development and facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic approaches for liver malignancy.

Modulation of Gut Microbial Biomarkers and Metabolites in Cancer Management by Tea Compounds

“…The member Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was positively correlated to secondary BAs while being negatively correlated to primary BAs [ 206 , 207 ]. In addition, Rumincoccaceae UCG-004 was reported to be associated with an increase in fecal cholic acid excretion [ 32 , 208 ]. The bacteria were reduced by CaA.…”