Bio‐based clothianidin‐loaded solid dispersion using composite carriers to improve efficacy and reduce environmental toxicity

Abstract

BACKGROUND Neonicotinoids comprise one of the most extensively used classes of pesticides worldwide owing to their broad insecticidal spectrum and excellent biological performance. However, their toxicity to honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) and silkworm (Bombyx Mori) limits their further application. To address this issue, clothianidin as a model neonicotinoid was developed into a novel controlled‐release formulation employing advantaged solid dispersion (SD) technology using composite carriers. RESULTS In this research, the clothianidin‐loaded SD was characterized using integrated methods to elucidate its formation mechanism, showing that clothianidin was embedded into the carrier homogeneously in small crystalline entities. The composite carriers, which are both renewable and environmentally friendly, can significantly prolong the release of clothianidin from seven to 25 days, compared with that of PEG 8000 as a single carrier. Based on the excellent controlled release profiles, it reduced the acute toxicity to A. mellifera and B. mori by 57.68‐ and 85.32‐fold (respectively) compared with that of the conventional formulation. Furthermore, the SD displayed favorable efficacy and persistency against Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). CONCLUSION This novel strategy opens up a simple and powerful avenue for improving efficacy and promoting the environmental safety of neonicotinoid insecticides to be used in sustainable crop protection.

A facile one‐pot route to fabricate clothianidin‐loaded ZIF‐8 nanoparticles with biocompatibility and long‐term efficacy

“…3(D); the peaks at 1146 cm −1 were derived from the aromatic CN stretching mode, and those at 430 cm −1 corresponded to the ZnN stretching vibration. These FTIR peaks are consistent with those reported previously 11,25 . The XRD patterns of clothianidin, ZIF‐8 and CLO@ZIF‐8 are presented in Fig.…”

“…These FTIR peaks are consistent with those reported previously. 11,25 The XRD patterns of clothianidin, ZIF-8 and CLO@ZIF-8 are presented in Fig. 3(E).…”

“…Guo et al developed a clothianidin-loaded solid dispersion by mixing PEG 8000 and carnauba wax as carriers to minimize the toxicity to honeybees and silkworms. 11 Cellulose was mostly chemically modified to improve its solubility and release rate before being applied to control the release formulation. Xiao reported that the fipronil formulation encapsulated by ethanediamine-modified carboxymethylcellulose had lower acute contact toxicity to honeybees than the traditional fipronil emulsion.…”

“…Guo et al . developed a clothianidin‐loaded solid dispersion by mixing PEG 8000 and carnauba wax as carriers to minimize the toxicity to honeybees and silkworms 11 . Cellulose was mostly chemically modified to improve its solubility and release rate before being applied to control the release formulation.…”

Construction and biological effects of a redox‐enzyme dual‐responsive lufenuron nano‐controlled release formulation

“…3,[23][24][25][26][27][28] Many scholars have worked on the development of stimuli-responsive silica nanocarrier materials in the hope of designing them as effective pesticide delivery carriers for the on-demand release of pesticides for the effective control of harmful organisms. 18,[29][30][31] Ostrinia furnacalis, a lepidopteran pest that harms corn, causes corn yield reduction of ∼10% when it occurs, and large-scale occurrence can even cause corn yield reduction of more than 30%, resulting in serious economic losses. 32 As the latest generation of benzoyl urea class insecticides, lufenuron mainly acts on insect larvae, inhibits the synthesis of chitin, prevents the molting process and kills pests, which has an excellent control effect on lepidopteran pests.…”