Bioanalytical Methods for Food Allergy Diagnosis, Allergen Detection and New Allergen Discovery

Abstract

For effective monitoring and prevention of the food allergy, one of the emerging health problems nowadays, existing diagnostic procedures and allergen detection techniques are constantly improved. Meanwhile, new methods are also developed, and more and more putative allergens are discovered. This review describes traditional methods and summarizes recent advances in the fast evolving field of the in vitro food allergy diagnosis, allergen detection in food products and discovery of the new allergenic molecules. A special attention is paid to the new diagnostic methods under laboratory development like various immuno- and aptamer-based assays, including immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis. The latter technique shows the importance of MS application not only for the allergen detection but also for the allergy diagnosis.

Development and Application of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay as an Indicator of Potential Allergenicity in Citrus Fruits

“…Currently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) are precise and sensitive methods for the detection of allergen in food products . Proteomics has primarily been applied to quantify the amounts of clementine allergen but failed to distinguish isoallergens or variants .…”

Recent applications of CE‐ and HPLC‐MS in the analysis of human fluids

“…MBs, coated with antihuman IgE antibodies (trapped inside the separation capillary using two permanents magnets), were used by Gasilova et al. to quantify the total IgE in human serum. After the injection of diluted serum (1 μL) and IgE antibodies bound to the MBs, secondary antihuman IgE antibodies, labeled with a fluorescence marker, were introduced into the capillary.…”

A Two-Dimensional Affinity Capture and Separation Mini-Platform for the Isolation, Enrichment, and Quantification of Biomarkers and Its Potential Use for Liquid Biopsy

“…One technology in particular is the combination of solid-phase extraction methods, using affinity-based ligands, with CE. Highly selective affinity ligands or adsorbents, such as antibodies, antibody fragments, lectins, aptamers, enzymes, metal-organic framework-based affinity sorbents, and other specially designed ligands are the cornerstone for the isolation and purification of many substances and cellular-subcellular entities found in complex matrices [ 25 , 47 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 75 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 ].…”

“…The high-resolution analytical separation ability of IACE provides the advantage of characterizing and discerning different forms of the same protein (proteoforms) biomarker and drug metabolites, which can improve insights into disease diagnosis, monitor drug efficacy, and shorten the length of clinical trials. Since the introduction of IACE in the early 1990s by our laboratory, Terry Phillips’ laboratory, and others, the technology has increased significantly in popularity, and many applications have been reported using both conventional CE and microchip CE [ 25 , 54 , 55 , 58 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 66 , 75 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 ]. Furthermore, if IACE is coupled to powerful detectors such as laser-induced fluorescence detectors or mass spectrometers, a significant improvement in limits of detection can been achieved [ 25 , 75 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 ].…”

“…Numerous immunoaffinity capillary applications employing various configurations of the ACM device, using either a conventional capillary electrophoresis or a microfluidic chip capillary electrophoresis, have been reported [ 25 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 61 , 75 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 ]. Figure 2 depicts the use of an IACE selective affinity capture-separation system for the quantification of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neuropeptide growth factor obtained from human skin biopsies of atopic inflammatory reactions [ 124 ].…”