Bioceramic hydroxyapatite-based scaffold with a porous structure using honeycomb as a natural polymeric Porogen for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Background The application of bioceramic hydroxyapatite (HA) derived from materials high in calcium to tissue engineering has been of concern, namely scaffold. Scaffold pores allow for cell mobility metabolic processes, and delivery of oxygen and nutrients by blood vessel. Thus, pore architecture affects cell seeding efficiency, cell viability, migration, morphology, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, angiogenesis, mechanical strength of scaffolds, and, eventually, bone formation. Therefore, to improve the efficacy of bone regeneration, several important parameters of the pore architecture of scaffolds must be carefully controlled, including pore size, geometry, orientation, uniformity, interconnectivity, and porosity, which are interrelated and whose coordination affects the effectiveness of bone tissue engineering. The honeycomb (HCB) as natural polymeric porogen is used to pore forming agent of scaffolds. It is unique for fully interconnected and oriented pores of uniform size and high mechanical strength in the direction of the pores. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effect of HCB concentration on macropore structure of the scaffolds. Methods Bioceramic hydroxyapatite (HA) was synthesized from abalone mussel shells (Halioitis asinina) using a precipitation method, and HA-based scaffolds were fabricated with honeycomb (HCB) as the porogen agent. Pore structure engineering was successfully carried out using HCB at concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 wt%. Results The Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed that the Ca/P molar ratio of HA was 1.67 (the stoichiometric ratio of HA). The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra results for porous HA-based scaffolds and synthesized HA showed that no chemical decomposition occurred in the HA-based scaffold fabrication process. The porosity of the scaffold tended to increase when higher concentrations of HCB were added. XRD data show that the HCB was completely degraded from the scaffold material. The cell metabolic activity and morphology of the HA + HCB 30 wt% scaffold enable it to facilitate the attachment of MC3T3E1 cells on its surface. Conclusion HCB 30 wt% is the best concentration to fabricate the scaffold corresponding to the criteria for pores structure, crystallographic properties, chemical decomposition process and cell viability for bone tissue engineering.

Bioactivity and Bone Cell Formation with Poly-ε-Caprolactone/Bioceramic 3D Porous Scaffolds

“…A successful synthesis of HA based on abalone mussel shells with a molar ratio of Ca/P of 1.67 was presented. Overall the cell metabolic activity and morphology of the HA + HCB 30 wt.% scaffolds showed that they were able to facilitate attachment of MC3T3E1 cells on their surface [ 35 ]. Porous scaffolds were fabricated with PCL/β-tricalcium phosphate (BTCP at 10, 20, and 50 wt.%) biocomposites by a freeze-drying method.…”

Development of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle-based gel for enamel remineralization —A physicochemical properties and cell viability assay analysis

“…The crystallographic properties of the gel HA-Abalone were determined by XRD (PAN analytical Type X'Pert Pro, Tokyo, Japan). The XRD data were recorded in the range of 2θ: 10-80° using Cu-Kα radiation at λ=0.154 nm 27) .…”

“…The solution was then stirred at a temperature of 60ºC at a velocity of 350 rpm until it turned into a homogeneous solution. It was sonicated at a temperature of 60ºC for 1 h before the gel HA-Abalone solution was stored in the refrigerator 27,28) .…”

“…In this study, nano-HA was synthesized via the co-precipitation method, using calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) from abalone mussel shells and a calcination temperature of 1,000ºC to obtain calcium oxide; this approach was adopted following a previous study 27) . The characteristics of nano-HA made from abalone mussel shells were observed.…”

Nature-Inspired Unconventional Approaches to Develop 3D Bioceramic Scaffolds with Enhanced Regenerative Ability

“…One of the most crucial issues of CPCs is the control of the setting responses after chemical reaction and rheological properties to reach appropriate injectability, setting time, and mechanical properties. The porosity and microstructure of CPCs can be altered by modifying the process conditions, such as the liquid-to-powder proportion and the size of the powder [ 70 ]. The presence of pores in the set cement is very relevant for its biological and mechanical performance.…”