Biochar-layered double hydroxide composites for the adsorption of tetracycline from water: synthesis, process modeling, and mechanism

Abstract

In this study, the MgFeCa layered double hydroxides was supported in biochar (B) using coprecipitation, hydrothermal, and co-pyrolysis methods. The prepared B-MgFeCa composites were investigated for tetracycline (TC) adsorption from an aqueous solution. The B-MgFeCa composites synthesized through co-precipitation and hydrothermal methods exhibited better crystallinity, functional groups, and well-developed LDH structure within the biochar matrix.However, the co-pyrolysis method resulted in the LDH structure breakage, leading to the low crystalline composite material. The maximum adsorption of TC onto all B-MgFeCa was obtained at an acidic pH range (4-5). The B-MgFeCa composites produced via hydrothermal and copyrolysis methods showed higher and faster TC adsorption than the co-precipitation method. The kinetic results can be better described by Langmuir kinetic and mixed order models at low and high TC concentrations, indicating that the rate-limiting step is mainly associated with active binding sites adsorption. The Sip and Freundlich models showed better fitting with the equilibrium data. The TC removal by B-MgFeCa composites prepared via hydrothermal and co-pyrolysis was mainly dominated by physical and chemical interactions. The composite obtained via the coprecipitation method adsorbed TC through chemical bonding between surface functional groups with anionic species of TC molecule. The B-MgFeCa composite showed excellent reusability performance for upto five cycles with only 30% decrease in TC removal efficiency. The results demonstrated that B-MgFeCa composites could be used as promsing sorbent material for effective wastewater treatment.