Biochemical and physiological responses induced in Mytilus galloprovincialis after a chronic exposure to salicylic acid

Combined effects of salinity changes and salicylic acid exposure in Mytilus galloprovincialis

“…Such results may thus indicate that concentrations tested were not high enough to induce cellular damage in mussels and, moreover, salinity levels tested were not stressful enough to increase sensitivity of mussels towards SA exposure with no changes on the effects of salinity when in the presence of SA. Previous studies conducted by Freitas et al (2019a) already showed no significant differences in LPO levels among a range of SA concentrations (0.005, 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 mg/L). Also Nunes (2019) showed that in the polychaete Hediste diversicolor SA was not able to generate a full state of oxidative stress, since no peroxidative damage occurred, verified by the absence of LPO.…”

“…These results may indicate low effect of SA on mussels SOD and GPx activity while greatly affecting the activity of CAT. Freitas et al (2019a) showed lower SOD and CAT activities in mussels exposed to SA concentrations higher than 0.005 mg/L. Nevertheless, studies conducted by Nunes (2019) demonstrated that GPx increased along the increasing exposure gradient of SA (50.0,75.0,112.5,168.75,253.125 μg/L) in the polychaete H. diversicolor, while CAT was only activated at the lowest SA activity.…”

“…Previous studies already demonstrated that the presence of pollutants such as pharmaceuticals but also changes on salinity levels may induce oxidative stress in marine invertebrates, with alteration on antioxidant enzymes activities, occurrence of cellular damage and loss of redox balance (among others, Franzellitti et al, 2013;Zuccato et al, 2006;Gonzalez-Rey, et al, 2014;Freitas et al, 2019bFreitas et al, , 2019c. In the particular case of SA, previous studies already described increases of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation levels, suggesting its potential pro-oxidative effect (Doi et al 2002;Doi and Horie 2010), also in non-target organisms (Nunes et al, 2015;Freitas et al, 2019a). Nevertheless, no studies are known on the combined effects of SA exposure and salinity stressful conditions.…”

“…The toxic effects of salicylates are well-known for mammals, with induction of oxidative stress being commonly identified as a biological response (Buntenkötter et al, 2016;Doi et al, 2002;Doi and Horie, 2010;Needs and Brooks, 1985). Recent studies showed similar impacts in non-target organisms including aquatic vertebrates, as fish (Choi et al, 2015;Klessig, 2016;Nunes et al, 2015), but still few studies have been conducted on aquatic invertebrates (Freitas et al, 2019a;Nunes, 2019). A part from this, up to now, no studies investigated the influence salinity shifts on organism's responses to SA exposure which may constitute one of the most probable climate scenarios.…”

Perkinsus mediterraneus infection induces oxidative stress in the mollusc Mimachlamys varia

“…However, organisms have developed a complex antioxidant system that protects cells and tissues against the harmful effects of ROS. This antioxidant system includes enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) or glutathione reductase (GR) and low‐molecular‐weight molecules, such as glutathione (GSH; Aliko, Qirjo, Sula, Morina, & Faggio, ; Capo et al, ; Freitas et al, ; Sureda et al, ). ROS overproduction can alter the balance between prooxidants and antioxidants, and this fact causes oxidative stress (Burgos‐Aceves, Cohen, Smith, & Faggio, ; Gobi, Vaseeharan, Rekha, Vijayakumar, & Faggio, ).…”