Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Lymph Nodes Targeting

Abstract

Vaccines have successfully eradicated a large number of diseases. However, some infectious diseases (such as HIV, Chlamydia trachomatis or Bacillus anthracis) keep spreading since there is no vaccine to prevent them. One way to overcome this issue is the development of new adjuvant formulations which are able to induce the appropriate immune response without sacrificing safety. Lymph nodes are the site of lymphocyte priming by antigen-presenting cells and subsequent adaptive immune response, and are a promising target for vaccine formulations. In this review, we describe the properties of different polymer-based (e.g., poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, poly lactic acid …) particulate adjuvants as innovative systems, capable of co-delivering immunopotentiators and antigens. We point out how these nanoparticles enhance the delivery of antigens, and how their physicochemical properties modify their uptake by antigen-presenting cells and their migration into lymph nodes. We describe why polymeric nanoparticles increase the persistence into lymph nodes and promote a mature immune response. We also emphasize how nanodelivery directs the response to a specific antigen and allows the induction of a cytotoxic immune response, essential for the fight against intracellular pathogens or cancer. Finally, we highlight the interest of the association between polymer-based vaccines and immunopotentiators, which can potentiate the effect of the molecule by directing it to the appropriate compartment and reducing its toxicity.

Caveolin-mediated endocytosis of the Chlamydia M278 outer membrane peptide encapsulated in poly(lactic acid)-Poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles by mouse primary dendritic cells enhances specific immune effectors mediated by MHC class II and CD4+ T cells

“…Similar observations have been made by others where caveolae-vesicles induce the intracellular migration of biomaterials with a diameter size of 50–80 nm [15]. Nanoparticles with sizes mimicking those of pathogens (20–200 nm) are also efficiently taken up by DCs [15, 73] and the caveosomes containing targeted nanoparticulate-vaccines are transported with microtubules to the endoplasmic reticulum [12, 74] to stimulate enhanced immune responses.…”

Cutting Edge: A Dual TLR2 and TLR7 Ligand Induces Highly Potent Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses

“…Empty and PamadiFectin-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by nanoprecipitation as described previously (12,13). Briefly, the polymer was dissolved in acetone with or without PamadiFectin and added gradually to an aqueous solution (ethanol/water) under slow stirring.…”

Microneedle arrays for vaccine delivery: the possibilities, challenges and use of nanoparticles as a combinatorial approach for enhanced vaccine immunogenicity

“…Both synthetic and natural biodegradable polymers have been used for NP 13 formulations. Examples of synthetic polymers include poly(lactic-co-glycolic-acid) PLGA, poly lactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone [31], and examples of naturally occurring polymers include polysaccharides such as chitosan and dextran [18].…”

“…Among other parameters influencing NPs uptake and immunogenicity are shape and surface charge. The influence of such parameters has been reviewed elsewhere [31]. In short, NPs that are non-spherical in shape have been shown to have improved membrane attachment, but are not efficiently taken up by APC [37].…”