Biodegradation of Synthetic Dyes: A Mycoremediation Approach for Degradation/Decolourization of Textile Dyes and Effluents

Abstract

Present review highlights the role of fungi in biodegradation/decolourization of textile dyes and effluents. Though, fungi and bacteria both are the principal decomposer of xenobiotics in the environment but fungi are superior to bacteria in dyes degradation/decolourization due to their superiority in the production of dyes degrading enzymes and as absorbent. The present study focused on the achievements and advancement on the fungal degradation/decolourization of textiles dyes and effluents by the application of potent fungal strains. The biodegradation through fungi or myco-remediation of textile dyes and effluents using potential fungi is comparatively cheap and environmentally safe process, to decompose or mineralize the hardly or less degrading compounds of synthetic dyes. Fungi play an important role to degrade/decolourize the synthetic dyes through enzymes as well as by the absorption, adsorption and accumulation of colourants from the effluents.

The Role of Mushrooms in Biodegradation and Decolorization of Dyes

“…On the other hand, mushroom-based decolorization and degradation of dyes got much more research attention because it is less expensive and eco-friendly and also produces negligible amounts of wastes [6]. Due to the powerful enzymatic activities as well as high adaptability under physically harsh conditions, microbial decolorization and biodegradation is one of the most focused research areas for sustainable developments [1]. Aromatic amines, phenolics, etc.…”

“…To fulfill the demand of growing number of people, rapid industrialization and modernization not only give useful products but also release hazardous elements to nature. The release of industrial effluents and the accumulation of toxic substances into the biosphere destroy the environment by interacting with various components of the natural ecosystem [1]. The effluents released from textile industries, food processing industries, pharmaceutical industries, etc., containing various synthetic dyes, toxic heavy metals, and other wastes, directly or indirectly come in contact with water and soil and destroy water and soil properties by changing the pH, total organic carbon (TOC), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) [1,2].…”

“…are relatively high in untreated industrial wastes. The rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen in water due to the presence of toxic heavy metals and other industrial wastes leads to "oxygen sag" [1]. Majority of the synthetic dyes are used in the field of textile industries, and the effluents are discharged as wastewater.…”

“…[8]. Singh reported that the lignin degradation ability of white-rot fungi is due to the presence of phenoloxidase [1]. Due to the potential role in bioremediation of various dyes, lignin, and cellulosic compounds, the white-rot fungi became a model organism for mycoremediation [1].…”

“…Singh reported that the lignin degradation ability of white-rot fungi is due to the presence of phenoloxidase [1]. Due to the potential role in bioremediation of various dyes, lignin, and cellulosic compounds, the white-rot fungi became a model organism for mycoremediation [1]. Due to the structural similarity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), various dyes, dioxins, and pesticides with lignin, cellulosic compounds, and with their substrates, mushroom-based mycoremediation processes got much more emphasized in the recent years [9].…”