Biodiesel Production by Single and Mixed Immobilized Lipases Using Waste Cooking Oil

Abstract

Biodiesel is one of the important biofuels as an alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuels. In the current study, enzymatic transesterification reaction was carried out for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) and experimental conditions were optimized, in order to reach maximum biodiesel yield. Bacillus stearothermophilus and Staphylococcus aureus lipase enzymes were individually immobilized on CaCO3 to be used as environmentally friendly catalysts for biodiesel production. The immobilized lipases exhibited better stability than free ones and were almost fully active after 60 days of storage at 4 °C. A significant biodiesel yield of 97.66 ± 0.57% was achieved without any pre-treatment and at 1:6 oil/methanol molar ratio, 1% of the enzyme mixture (a 1:1 ratio mixture of both lipase), 1% water content, after 24 h at 55 °C reaction temperature. The biocatalysts retained 93% of their initial activities after six cycles. The fuel and chemical properties such as the cloud point, viscosity at 40 °C and density at 15 °C of the produced biodiesel complied with international specifications (EN 14214) and, therefore, were comparable to those of other diesels/biodiesels. Interestingly, the resulting biodiesel revealed a linolenic methyl ester content of 0.55 ± 0.02% and an ester content of 97.7 ± 0.21% which is in good agreement with EN14214 requirements. Overall, using mixed CaCO3-immobilized lipases to obtain an environmentally friendly biodiesel from WCO is a promising and effective alternative for biodiesel production catalysis.

Thermostable CaCO3-Immobilized Bacillus subtilis Lipase for Sustainable Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

“…Binhayeeding et al [45] reported that 45 °C was the optimum temperature for biodiesel production using a mix of PHB-immobilized C. rugosa and R. miehei lipases. Similarly, Tran et al and Ben Bacha et al [46,47] found that the curve of biodiesel production using the C. vulgaris ESP-31 lipase declined after increasing the temperature, because exposing a lipase to overheating leads to protein denaturation and, therefore, reduced catalytic activity. The effect of the reaction time on the immobilized enzyme was examined throughout a range of reaction periods (8,12,16,20, and 24 h).…”

Combined immobilized lipases for effective biodiesel production from spent coffee grounds

“…Decrease in the availability of fossil fuels in combination with environmental pollution resulted in a rapidly increase of demand on renewable energy particularly biodiesel. Thanks to its easy portability, liquid and ecofriendly nature, biodiesel synthesis from animal fats and vegetable oils has recently gained more attention ( Zou et al, 2023 , Linganiso et al, 2022 , Mathew et al, 2021 , Karmee, 2016 , Karmee, 2018 , 2017, Binhayeeding et al, 2020 , Ben Bacha et al, 2022a ). However, the availability of good quality and affordable feedstock is the foremost issue facing the biodiesel industry and thereby limiting its applications.…”

“…To face these negative issues, the exploitation of nonedible resources to produce biofuel has been increasingly becoming promising and attractive, however, finding a viable, sustainable biomass-based feedstock is still challenging. An extensive amount of research has been carried out on several organic wastes, for instance, municipal organic waste, sewage sludge, as well as food waste for biofuel production all over the world ( Yusuf et al, 2023 , Weldeslase et al, 2023 , Linganiso et al, 2022 , Yuan et al, 2008 , Cucchiella et al, 2017 , Yang et al, 2015 , Karmee, 2016 , Karmee and Lin, 2014a , Karmee and Lin, 2014b , Binhayeeding et al, 2020 , Ben Bacha et al, 2022a ).…”

“…To overcome the drawbacks of chemical catalysts, lipases could be utilized as biocatalysts to produce biodiesel ( Karmee, 2016 , Karmee, 2018 ;). Interestingly, lipase enzymes are widely employed under moderate conditions as well as in conventional and nonconventional solvents, free fatty acid and moisture tolerant, and easy to recover ( Weldeslase et al, 2023 , Zou et al, 2023 , Ben Bacha et al, 2022a , Ben Bacha et al, 2022b , Binhayeeding et al, 2020 , Bacha et al, 2019 ). Microbial lipases, in particular, attracted a lot of attention with the recent advances in enzyme technology because they displayed numerous advantages such as the absence of seasonal changes, the continuous supply, high yield production in economically advantageous media besides the extensive variety of their catalytic activities.…”

Epoxidation of Methyl Esters as Valuable Biomolecules: Monitoring of Reaction

“…The current global issue is the searching for renewable sources for production of various materials, chemicals, or energy, which are currently produced from crude oil. Triacylglycerides, contained in the vegetable oils, animal fats or waste frying oils [ 1 ], are one of the possible renewable sources and can be transformed to esters by transesterification [ 2 ]. An important product is glycerol, which has many applications in chemistry, food and pharmaceutical industries [ 3 ] and is produced especially from oils/fats.…”