Biodiversity Conservation: Challenges Beyond 2010

Rands, M. R. W.; Adams, William M.; Bennun, Leon; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Clements, Andrew; Coomes, David A.; Entwistle, Abigail; Hodge, Ian; Kapos, Valerie; Scharlemann, Jörn P. W.; Sutherland, William J.; Vira, Bhaskar

doi:10.1126/science.1189138

Cited by 942 publications

(625 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…However, rapid economic development, social and cultural shifts, habitat loss, overexploitation of resources, climate change, and pollution are posing serious threats to biodiversity (Cardinale et al., 2012) including eliminating the plant genetic resources that support life on earth (Garcia, Gabeza, Rahbek, & Araujo, 2014; Rands et al., 2010). Effective conservation of biodiversity is called for to support the maintenance of ecosystem processes that ultimately sustain human life (Khairo, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity, population structure, and traditional culture of Camellia reticulata

Tong

Huang

Riek³

et al. 2017

Ecology and Evolution

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Camellia reticulata is an arbor tree that has been cultivated in southwestern China by various sociolinguistic groups for esthetic purposes as well as to derive an edible seed oil. This study examined the influence of management, socio‐economic factors, and religion on the genetic diversity patterns of Camellia reticulata utilizing a combination of ethnobotanical and molecular genetic approaches. Semi‐structured interviews and key informant interviews were carried out with local communities in China's Yunnan Province. We collected plant material (n = 190 individuals) from five populations at study sites using single‐dose AFLP markers in order to access the genetic diversity within and between populations. A total of 387 DNA fragments were produced by four AFLP primer sets. All DNA fragments were found to be polymorphic (100%). A relatively high level of genetic diversity was revealed in C. reticulata samples at both the species (H sp = 0.3397, I sp = 0.5236) and population (percentage of polymorphic loci = 85.63%, H pop = 0.2937, I pop = 0.4421) levels. Findings further revealed a relatively high degree of genetic diversity within C. reticulata populations (Analysis of Molecular Variance = 96.31%). The higher genetic diversity within populations than among populations of C. reticulata from different geographies is likely due to the cultural and social influences associated with its long cultivation history for esthetic and culinary purposes by diverse sociolinguistic groups. This study highlights the influence of human management, socio‐economic factors, and other cultural variables on the genetic and morphological diversity of C. reticulata at a regional level. Findings emphasize the important role of traditional culture on the conservation and utilization of plant genetic diversity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity, population structure, and traditional culture of Camellia reticulata

Tong

Huang

Riek³

et al. 2017

Ecology and Evolution

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“…However, despite such positive examples, the situation for the fauna and flora of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest remains precarious (Marsden et al 2005, Tabarelli et al 2005, Fonseca et al 2009, Galetti et al 2009, Teixeira et al 2009. Protected areas are recognized as a key part of conservation initiatives (NaughtonTreves et al 2005, Rands et al 2010, Stockstad 2010) with >13% of Brazilian terrestrial biomes receiving legal protection at federal or state levels (Rylands & Brandon 2005). There are >700 areas of Atlantic Forest with at least some level of legal protection (Galindo-Leal & Câmara 2003.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of mid and large bodied mammals in Núcleo Caraguatatuba, Serra do Mar State Park, Brazil

Norris

Ramírez

Zacchi³

et al. 2012

Biota Neotrop.

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We applied complementary survey techniques to obtain a baseline species list of mid and large bodied mammals in Núcleo Caraguatatuba, Serra do Mar State park, Brazil. Between May and September 2011 we surveyed the community of mid and large bodied mammals using diurnal line transect census (212.4 km), camera-traps (223.2 camera-trap days) and track-stations (478 track-station days). A total of 18 species were recorded from 14 families in eight orders. We recorded the presence of seven species considered threatened in the State of São Paulo, including Primates (Brachyteles arachnoides), Artiodactyla (Mazama cf. americana and Tayassu pecari), Carnivora (Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus tigrinus and Puma concolor) and Perissodactyla (Tapirus terrestris). Based on extrapolated (First order jackknife) species richness estimates we predict that there are between 19 and 32 species of mid and large bodied mammals in the Núcleo. Our revised Mammal Priority Index ranked Núcleo Caraguatatuba as being of medium overall importance for the conservation of mid and large bodied mammals in the Atlantic Forest. Combined with the number and diversity of species recorded, our results demonstrate that this Núcleo is an important area for mammal conservation.

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“…life table response experiment | herbivory | biotic resistance | temperate deciduous forest conservation | forest understory herbs S teadily increasing pressure by invasive plant species on native biodiversity (1) disrupts both community and ecosystem function (2) and results in staggering economic costs worldwide (3,4). A major goal in ecology is to understand how changes over time in species interactions affect invasion success of exotic species (5)(6)(7)(8).…”

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confidence: 99%

In a long-term experimental demography study, excluding ungulates reversed invader's explosive population growth rate and restored natives

Kalisz

Spigler

Horvitz

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

128

157

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A major goal in ecology is to understand mechanisms that increase invasion success of exotic species. A recent hypothesis implicates altered species interactions resulting from ungulate herbivore overabundance as a key cause of exotic plant domination. To test this hypothesis, we maintained an experimental demography deer exclusion study for 6 y in a forest where the native ungulate Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer) is overabundant and Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) is aggressively invading. Because population growth is multiplicative across time, we introduce metrics that correctly integrate experimental effects across treatment years, the cumulative population growth rate, λ c , and its geometric mean, λ per-year , the time-averaged annual population growth rate. We determined λ c and λ per-year of the invader and of a common native, Trillium erectum. Our results conclusively demonstrate that deer are required for the success of Alliaria; its projected population trajectory shifted from explosive growth in the presence of deer (λ per-year = 1.33) to decline toward extinction where deer are excluded (λ per-year = 0.88). In contrast, Trillium's λ per-year was suppressed in the presence of deer relative to deer exclusion (λ per-year = 1.04 vs. 1.20, respectively). Retrospective sensitivity analyses revealed that the largest negative effect of deer exclusion on Alliaria came from rosette transitions, whereas the largest positive effect on Trillium came from reproductive transitions. Deer exclusion lowered Alliaria density while increasing Trillium density. Our results provide definitive experimental support that interactions with overabundant ungulates enhance demographic success of invaders and depress natives' success, with broad implications for biodiversity and ecosystem function worldwide.life table response experiment | herbivory | biotic resistance | temperate deciduous forest conservation | forest understory herbs S teadily increasing pressure by invasive plant species on native biodiversity (1) disrupts both community and ecosystem function (2) and results in staggering economic costs worldwide (3, 4). A major goal in ecology is to understand how changes over time in species interactions affect invasion success of exotic species (5-8). According to ecological theory, the ability of the resident community to limit the success of invading exotics [biotic resistance (9, 10)] will depend upon ecological context that includes the suite of local interactors (11-15). The abundance of herbivores and their local impacts (11,14,16) can play a prominent role in how fast plant populations grow or shrink and how much the relative abundance of plant species changes over time (5, 15), including changes associated with plant invasions (11,(16)(17)(18)(19). Recently, increased browsing pressure by overabundant ungulate herbivores on native plant communities has been proposed as a fundamental cause of a shift from native to exotic plant domination in forests and rangelands worldwide (11,16,20). Wild and domes...

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Biodiversity Conservation: Challenges Beyond 2010

Cited by 942 publications

References 67 publications

Genetic diversity, population structure, and traditional culture of Camellia reticulata

Genetic diversity, population structure, and traditional culture of Camellia reticulata

A Survey of mid and large bodied mammals in Núcleo Caraguatatuba, Serra do Mar State Park, Brazil

In a long-term experimental demography study, excluding ungulates reversed invader's explosive population growth rate and restored natives

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