Bioengineering tools for probing intracellular events in T lymphocytes

Abstract

T lymphocytes are the central coordinator and executor of many immune functions. The activation and function of T lymphocytes are mediated through the engagement of cell surface receptors and regulated by a myriad of intracellular signaling network. Bioengineering tools, including imaging modalities and fluorescent probes, have been developed and employed to elucidate the cellular events throughout the functional lifespan of T cells. A better understanding of these events can broaden our knowledge in the immune systems biology, as well as accelerate the development of effective diagnostics and immunotherapies. Here we review the commonly used and recently developed techniques and probes for monitoring T lymphocyte intracellular events, following the order of intracellular events in T cells from activation, signaling, metabolism to apoptosis. The techniques introduced here can be broadly applied to other immune cells and cell systems.

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“…[105] Furthermore, a breakthrough in the spatial mechanics of SLBs has the potential to optimize the T cell activation process with mechanical adjustability. [106] Technological advancements in SLBs include precise mapping of fluid and ligand anchoring, accurate binding of directed fluid transmembrane proteins, and the utilization of atomic force microscope probes to measure mechanical forces at the T cell-SLB interface. [106,107]…”

“…[106] Technological advancements in SLBs include precise mapping of fluid and ligand anchoring, accurate binding of directed fluid transmembrane proteins, and the utilization of atomic force microscope probes to measure mechanical forces at the T cell-SLB interface. [106,107]…”