Bioinspired optical and electrical dual-responsive heart-on-a-chip for hormone testing

Static electricity-based motion artifact-free electrocardiography with novel Ti3C2Tx MXene/Ag nanowire/polymer hybrid dry electrodes

“…However, it is important to underscore that the electrical conductivity of MXene is considerably lower than that of AgNWs. 33 Thus, the distinction in measured sheet resistance between the two types of electrodes remains minimal. This marginal difference implies that the incorporation of the MXene layer does not appreciably impact the overall electrical performance of the electrode.…”

Heart-on-a-chip systems: disease modeling and drug screening applications

“…Biochemical stimulation involves introducing a stimulant into the culture chamber to increase or decrease beating rate, such as isoproterenol. [143][144][145] One key advantage of incorporating microfluidics into HoC systems is having control over the spatial distribution of (bio)chemicals of interest. Chemical gradients are often encountered in the body, for example, in the context of myocardial infarction, where a portion of the heart is deprived of the necessary oxygen, and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, which are important for drug efficacy evaluation.…”

“…To reduce time-to-market and improve success rate, HoC systems could provide a valuable link between pre-clinical animal studies and clinical trials or even serve as a standalone replacement to animal studies all together. One of the most popular drugs tested with HoC systems is the non-selective β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol, [143][144][145]155,160,168,172,181,224,225,[357][358][359][360][361][362][363][364][365][366][367][368] which can help treat bradycardia. Isoproterenol is similar in structure and function to epinephrine, which has also been evaluated using HoC systems.…”

Biosyncretic Robots Actuated by Living Materials

“…The artificial materials commonly utilized in the research of biosyncretic robots include PDMS and hydrogel due to their biocompatibility, ease of manufacturing, and adjustable hardness. For instance, hydrogels possess modifiable properties, allowing researchers to develop photosensitive, [25] structural color variable, [158,159] conductive, [158,160] and piezoelectric hydrogels. [55] Modified hydrogel materials can enhance the performance and functions of biosyncretic robots.…”