Biological activity associated with noncoplanar polychlorinated biphenyls after microbial dechlorination of aroclor 1242® and aroclor 1254®

Ganey, Patricia E.; Quensen, John F.; Mouśa, M. A.; Boyd, Stephen A.; Wagner, M.; Fischer, Lawrence J.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620190513

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Given the gradual depleting processes for these persistent compounds through reactions with OH radical (17), hydrolysis (18), microbial action (19), and loss to the ocean floor (20)(21), then, assuming no further primary releases, atmospheric concentrations should be expected to decline; albeit, gradually over many years. Evidence of this is now apparent from several temperate studies, which have revealed reductions in atmospheric concentrations of PCBs (22,23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are PCBs in the Canadian Arctic Atmosphere Declining? Evidence from 5 Years of Monitoring

Hung

Halsall

Blanchard

et al. 2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A long-term database of weekly air concentrations was examined to establish temporal trends of PCBs in the Arctic atmosphere. Several methods were employed to reduce the intra-annual variability allowing the elucidation of longterm trends for a selection of congeners at Alert located in the Canadian Arctic. These methods included temperature normalization (TN), multiple linear regression (MLR), and digital filtration (DF). Estimation of the slope (m) resulting from the linear regression between the natural logarithm of the partial pressure in air versus reciprocal temperature (In P = m/T + b), required for TN and MLR, proved difficult due to the poor correlation with temperature experienced forthe majority of congeners. Values of m were considerably lower than those obtained from temperate studies, implying that regional air-surface exchange plays a minor role in supporting the observed air concentrations in the Arctic. The lighter congeners generally showed very low slopes, and some even showed positive correlation with 1/T. This might be a result of their relatively fast reaction rates with OH radicals following the onset of 24-h sunlight in spring. Use of DF (in combination with TN and MLR) revealed declining trends for several of the lower chlorinated congeners in the high Arctic atmosphere, with estimated first-order half-lives, t1/2, ranging from approximately 3 to 20 yr. Declining trends of the lower congeners probably reflect falling levels in source regions, as a result of long-range transport to this Arctic site. There were no apparent trends for the higher chlorinated congeners (penta-substituted and above), exceptfor PCB 180, in marked contrast to temperate studies, indicating a lag time for decline between the Arctic and source regions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are PCBs in the Canadian Arctic Atmosphere Declining? Evidence from 5 Years of Monitoring

Hung

Halsall

Blanchard

et al. 2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…For example, 2,2′,4-trichlorobiphenyl represented 4% (on a molar basis) of the total mixture before dechlorination and 16% of the dechlorinated product. For more detailed description of the congener profile of the remediation products, the reader is referred to Bae et al (2001) , Ganey et al (2000) , and Mousa et al (1998) .…”

Section: Evaluation Of Products Of Reductive Dechlorination Of Pcbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, PCBs increase superoxide anion production in response to subsequent stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). The ability of Aroclor 1242 to cause generation of reactive oxygen species in neutrophils was compared with the ability of its products of dechlorination by microorganisms from Silver Lake or River Raisin ( Ganey et al 2000 ). Exposure of rat neutrophils in vitro to Aroclor 1242 at 10 μg/mL increased PMA-stimulated superoxide anion generation.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Products Of Reductive Dechlorination Of Pcbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Approach to Evaluation of the Effect of Bioremediation on Biological Activity of Environmental Contaminants: Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Ganey

Boyd

2005

Environ Health Perspect

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The effectiveness of bioremediation efforts is assessed traditionally from the loss of the chemical of interest. In some cases, analytical techniques are coupled with evaluation of toxicity to organisms representative of those found in the affected environment or surrogate organisms. Little is known, however, about the effect of remediation of environmental chemicals on potential toxicity to mammalian organisms. We discuss both an approach that employs mammalian cell system bioassays and the criteria for selection of the assays. This approach has been used to evaluate the biological response to mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) before and after remediation by reductive dechlorination. The dechlorination process used results in accumulation of congeners substituted in only the ortho and para positions and containing fewer chlorines than the starting mixtures. Evaluation of the dechlorinated mixture reveals a loss of biological activity that could be ascribed to coplanar PCBs not containing chlorine in the ortho positions. Conversely, biological activity associated with ortho-substituted PCB congeners is unaffected or increased by remediation. Thus, the results of the bioassays are consistent with the remediation-induced change in the profile of PCB congeners and the known mechanisms of action of PCBs. The results emphasize a need for evaluation of the products of remediation for biological activity in mammalian systems. Furthermore, the approach outlined demonstrates the potential to assess the impact of remediation on a range of biological activities in mammalian cells and thus to estimate positive and negative effects of remediation strategies on toxicity. Future needs in this area of research include assays to evaluate biological effects under conditions of exposure that mimic those found in the environment and models to extrapolate effects to assess risk to people and wildlife.

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“…Previous studies have demonstrated alteration in neutrophil production of reactive oxygen species by environmental chemicals and their products of remediation [30][31][32][33][34][35]. Generation of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils is critical to their function to kill bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, generation of superoxide anion by neutrophils results from activation of a complex network of intracellular signals and represents an integrated cellular function. Previous studies have demonstrated alteration in neutrophil production of reactive oxygen species by environmental chemicals and their products of remediation [30][31][32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of byproducts from the ozonation of pyrene: Biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarbaldehyde and biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarboxylic acid on gap junction intercellular communication and neutrophil function

Luster‐Teasley

Ganey

DiOrio

et al. 2005

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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In this study, biphenyl-2,2',6,6'-tetracarbaldehyde, an initial byproduct formed from the ozonation of pyrene, and biphenyl-2,2',6,6'-tetracarboxylic acid, a subsequent pyrene ozonation byproduct, were evaluated using two toxicology assays to compare the toxicity of ozonation byproducts with that of the parent compound. The first assay measured the potential for the compounds to block gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) using the scrape loading/dye transfer technique in normal WB-344 rat liver epithelial cells. The second assay evaluated the ability of the compounds to affect neutrophil function by measuring the production of superoxide in a human cell line (HL-60). Pyrene significantly blocked intercellular communication (f = 0.2-0.5) at 40 microM and complete inhibition of communication (f < 0.2) occurred at 50 microM. Gap junctional intercellular communication in cells exposed to biphenyl-2,2',6,6'-tetracarbaldehyde reached f < 0.5 at a concentration of 15 microM. At concentrations greater than 20 microM, biphenyl-2,2',6,6'-tetracarbaldehyde was cytotoxic and the inhibition of GJIC was caused by cell death. Biphenyl-2,2',6,6'-tetracarboxylic acid was neither cytotoxic nor inhibitory to GJIC at the concentrations tested (10-500 microM). Exposure to biphenyl-2,2',6,6'-tetracarbaldehyde resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated O2- production. Neither exposure to pyrene nor biphenyl-2,2',6,6'-tetracarboxylic acid caused a significant toxic effect on neutrophil function.

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Biological activity associated with noncoplanar polychlorinated biphenyls after microbial dechlorination of aroclor 1242® and aroclor 1254®

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Are PCBs in the Canadian Arctic Atmosphere Declining? Evidence from 5 Years of Monitoring

Are PCBs in the Canadian Arctic Atmosphere Declining? Evidence from 5 Years of Monitoring

An Approach to Evaluation of the Effect of Bioremediation on Biological Activity of Environmental Contaminants: Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Effect of byproducts from the ozonation of pyrene: Biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarbaldehyde and biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarboxylic acid on gap junction intercellular communication and neutrophil function

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