Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies to mitigate emissions

Thomson, Andrew J.; Giannopoulos, Georgios; Pretty, Jules; Baggs, Elizabeth M.; Richardson, David J.

doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0415

Cited by 433 publications

(306 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…During the rice-growing season, denitrification may be the dominant process for N 2 O production because of anaerobic conditions. Because organic fertilizer includes not only C as an electron donor but also N for electron capture, both C and N application will induce N reduction in the denitrification process (Thomson et al 2012;ButterbachBahl et al 2013). Qin et al (2010) reported that N 2 O flux increased just after mid-term drainage in organically cultivated rice paddy fields.…”

Section: Effect Of Fertilizer Type On Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mineralization of organic nitrogen (N) occurs under such conditions, resulting in the production of nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Nitrous oxide, which has 298 times the global warming potential of CO 2 over a 100-year time horizon, is produced mainly through microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification (Thomson et al 2012;Butterbach-Bahl et al 2013). Consequently, tillage during the fallow season stimulates or suppresses N 2 O production due to increased mineral soil N concentration or soil aeration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the number of tillages in fallow season and fertilizer type on greenhouse gas emission from a rice (Oryza sativaL.) paddy field in Ehime, southwestern Japan

Toma

Oomori

Asuka

et al. 2015

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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Effect of the number of tillages in fallow season and fertilizer type on greenhouse gas emission from a rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy field in Ehime, southwestern Japan Agricultural fields, including rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy fields, constitute one of the major sources of atmospheric methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Organic matter application, such as straw and organic fertilizer, enhances CH 4 emission from paddy fields. In addition, rice straw management after harvest regulates CH 4 emissions in the growing season. The interaction of tillage times and organic fertilizer application on CH 4 and N 2 O emissions is largely unknown. Therefore, we studied the effects of fallow-season tillage times and fertilizer types on CH 4 and N 2 O emissions in paddy fields in Ehime, southwestern Japan. From November 2011 to October 2013, four treatments, two (autumn and spring) or one (spring) in the first year, or two (autumn and spring) or three (autumn, winter, and spring) in the second year times of tillage with chemical or organic fertilizer application, were established. Gas fluxes were measured by the closed-chamber method. Increasing the number of tillage times from one to two decreased succeeding CH 4 emission and the emission factor for CH 4 (EF CH4 ) in the rice-growing season, suggesting that the substrate for CH 4 production was reduced by autumn and spring tillage in the fallow season. Higher EF CH4 [1.8-2.0 kg carbon (C) ha] was observed when more straw was applied (6.9-7.2 Mg ha −1 ) in the second year. Organic fertilizer application induced higher CH 4 emission just after the application as basal and supplemental fertilizers, especially at a lower straw application rate. This indicated that EF CH4 in the organically managed fields should be determined individually. Organic fertilizer application with two tillage times induced N 2 O efflux during the rice-growing season in the second year, but N 2 O emissions were not affected by winter tillage. Although paddy fields can act as an N 2 O sink because of reduced soil conditions when straw application was high, application of organic C and nitrogen as fertilizer can enhance N 2 O production by the denitrification process during the growing season, especially in the ripening stage when soil anaerobic conditions became moderate. These results suggest that negative emission factors for N 2 O (EF N2O ) can be applied, and EF N2O of organic fertilizer should be considered during the estimation of N 2 O emission in the paddy field.ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Effect Of Fertilizer Type On Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the number of tillages in fallow season and fertilizer type on greenhouse gas emission from a rice (Oryza sativaL.) paddy field in Ehime, southwestern Japan

Toma

Oomori

Asuka

et al. 2015

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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“…The intermediate N 2 O is a powerful greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming (Schlesinger 2009) and causes stratospheric ozone destruction (Ravishankara et al 2009). Soil is a predominant contributor to the atmospheric N 2 O, mostly released by the microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification (Thomson et al 2012). The increased anaerobic micro-sites in soils induced by compaction are probably favorable for denitrification and can increase the emission of N gasses into the atmosphere (Bakken et al 1987;Ruser et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compaction stimulates denitrification in an urban park soil using 15N tracing technique

Deng

Rensing

et al. 2013

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Soils in urban areas are subjected to compaction with accelerating urbanization. The effects of anthropogenic compaction on urban soil denitrification are largely unknown. We conducted a study on an urban park soil to investigate how compaction impacts denitrification. By using 15 N labeling method and acetylene inhibition technique, we performed three coherent incubation experiments to quantify denitrification in compacted soil under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Uncompacted soil was set as the control treatment. When monitoring soil incubation without extra substrate, higher nitrous oxide (N 2 O) flux and denitrification enzyme activity were observed in the compacted soil than in the uncompacted soil. In aerobic incubation with the addition of K 15 NO 3 , N 2 O production in the compacted soil reached 10.11 ng N h −1 g −1 as compared to 0.02 ng N h −1 g −1 in the uncompacted soil. Denitrification contributed 96 % of the emitted N 2 O in the compacted soil and 36 % of the emitted N 2 O in the uncompacted soil; total denitrification rate was higher in the compacted soil (up to 79.35 ng N h −1 g −1 ) than in the uncompacted soil (0.11 ng N h −1 g −1 ). Under anaerobic incubation with the addition of K 15 NO 3 , no statistical difference in total N losses and 15 N-(N 2 O+N 2 ) flux between the uncompacted soil and the compacted soil was detected. Compaction promoted soil denitrification and may impact urban N biogeochemical cycling.

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“…Most denitrifiers are facultative anaerobes, that is, they prefer O 2 as electron acceptor, but can use NO 3 2 or NO 2 2 in the absence of O 2 . The expression of genes for denitrifying enzymes is stimulated at low O 2 levels, but N 2 O reductase is unstable even with traces of O 2 (Thomson et al, 2012). Therefore, N 2 O can accumulate around oxic-anoxic interfaces in the manure.…”

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confidence: 99%

Manure management for greenhouse gas mitigation

Petersen

Blanchard

Chadwick

et al. 2013

Animal

140

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Ongoing intensification and specialisation of livestock production lead to increasing volumes of manure to be managed, which are a source of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Net emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O result from a multitude of microbial activities in the manure environment. Their relative importance depends not only on manure composition and local management practices with respect to treatment, storage and field application, but also on ambient climatic conditions. The diversity of livestock production systems, and their associated manure management, is discussed on the basis of four regional cases (Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, China and Europe) with increasing levels of intensification and priorities with respect to nutrient management and environmental regulation. GHG mitigation options for production systems based on solid and liquid manure management are then presented, and potentials for positive and negative interactions between pollutants, and between management practices, are discussed. The diversity of manure properties and environmental conditions necessitate a modelling approach for improving estimates of GHG emissions, and for predicting effects of management changes for GHG mitigation, and requirements for such a model are discussed. Finally, we briefly discuss drivers for, and barriers against, introduction of GHG mitigation measures for livestock production. There is no conflict between efforts to improve food and feed production, and efforts to reduce GHG emissions from manure management. Growth in livestock populations are projected to occur mainly in intensive production systems where, for this and other reasons, the largest potentials for GHG mitigation may be found.Keywords: methane, nitrous oxide, storage, treatment, farm model ImplicationsLivestock manure is a source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, mainly as methane and nitrous oxide. GHG emissions are biogenic and regulated by manure characteristics, and therefore emissions can be manipulated via handling, treatment and storage conditions. Globally, livestock production systems vary widely, and this is also true for GHG mitigation potentials, but generally efforts to conserve nutrients in manure for crop production will also reduce GHG emissions. Future growth in livestock production is projected to occur mainly in confined animal feeding operations, which also appear to have the greatest potential for GHG mitigation. IntroductionSince the mid 20th century, there has been a growing pressure on land resources for production of food and feed for livestock and, increasingly, crops for energy production (Hoogwijk et al., 2005). To fulfil the demand for meat, milk and eggs, livestock production in developing countries is expanding, especially in peri-urban areas (Gerber et al., 2005), and worldwide becomes more specialised (Steinfeld et al., 2006). In consequence of these trends, increasing volumes of livestock manure are produced, which are a source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) contributing t...

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Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies to mitigate emissions

Cited by 433 publications

References 71 publications

Effect of the number of tillages in fallow season and fertilizer type on greenhouse gas emission from a rice (Oryza sativaL.) paddy field in Ehime, southwestern Japan

Effect of the number of tillages in fallow season and fertilizer type on greenhouse gas emission from a rice (Oryza sativaL.) paddy field in Ehime, southwestern Japan

Compaction stimulates denitrification in an urban park soil using 15N tracing technique

Manure management for greenhouse gas mitigation

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