Biomarker responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to produced water from a North Sea oil field: Laboratory and field assessments

Study of the bile proteome of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ): Multi-biological markers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

“…Atlantic cod has a long history of being used as fish model species in ecotoxicological studies in the laboratory as well as in the field (Bjørnstad et al, 2006;Karlsen et al, 2011Karlsen et al, , 2012PerezCasanova et al, 2012;Sundt et al, 2012). Since proteomics is a developing field in ecotoxicological research and for environmental monitoring purposes (Karim et al, 2011), it seemed like the perfect opportunity to explore the bile as a new matrix for monitoring and identifying the source of contaminants in the aquatic environment.…”

“…Metabolites of PAH generated in vivo in fish and excreted via the bile have been used as markers of exposure to PAHs (Aas et al, 2000;Hagger et al, 2006;Sundt et al, 2012;Tairova et al, 2012). Their presence in bile can be analyzed using fixed wavelength fluorescence (FF) (Aas et al, 2000), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorescence (Kammann, 2007;Beyer et al, 2010), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Jonsson et al, 2003;Beyer et al, 2010) and liquid chromatographyemass spectrometry (LCeMS) (Zhu et al, 2008), post sample work-up.…”

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons a Constituent of Petroleum: Presence and Influence in the Aquatic Environment

“…PAHs contained in PW are receiving much attention due to their potential for causing adverse effects in the marine environment [54,55]. PW generally consists of a mixture of: 1) formation water contained naturally in the reservoir; 2) injected water used for the recovery of oil; and 3) treatment chemicals added during production [19].…”

“…It has been shown that mussels caged down-stream of PW discharges from oil platforms accumulate higher concentrations of alkylnaphthalenes, alkylphenanthrenes and alkyldibenzothiophenes, than their respective parent compounds [62]. In a recent study, the ratio of alkylated over non-alkylated PAHs indicated a diffuse petrogenic contamination in the Ekofisk area (up to 2000 m from PW fallout) [55].…”

Ecological and human risk assessment of long-term produced water discharge to the ocean at the Sonda de Campeche, Gulf of México

“…PW is a complex mixture of water, chemicals and dispersed oil micro-droplets, and formed when hydrocarbons and water are separated during the production of oil and gas (Sundt et al 2012). Discharge of PW requires that it be injected into a reservoir or be thoroughly treated before disposal into the marine environment (Pillard et al 1996) Neff et al 2011Payne et al 2011).…”