Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: from pathogenesis to drug development

Neuroprotective effects and possible mechanisms of berberine in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…And in the probe test when the platform is absent, times of crossing platform and time spent in the target quadrant are recorded to analyze the spatial memory ability ( Hernandez-Mercado and Zepeda, 2021 ). Of included 22 studies, 21 studies ( Durairajan et al, 2012 ; Hooijmans et al, 2014 ; Jabbarzadeh Kaboli et al, 2014 ; Haghani et al, 2015 ; Ni et al, 2015 ; Pirillo and Catapano, 2015 ; de Oliveira et al, 2016 ; He et al, 2017 ; Huang et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2017 ; Cai et al, 2018 ; Hashimoto, 2018 ; Hussien et al, 2018 ; Cai et al, 2019 ; Fan et al, 2019 ; Feng et al, 2019 ; Wang et al, 2019 ; Yuan et al, 2019 ; Chen et al, 2020 ; Page et al, 2021 ; Zhao et al, 2021 ) adopted MWM.…”

“…Analysis of 19 studies ( Durairajan et al, 2012 ; Hooijmans et al, 2014 ; Jabbarzadeh Kaboli et al, 2014 ; Haghani et al, 2015 ; de Oliveira et al, 2016 ; He et al, 2017 ; Huang et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2017 ; Cai et al, 2018 ; Hashimoto, 2018 ; Hussien et al, 2018 ; Cai et al, 2019 ; Feng et al, 2019 ; Wang et al, 2019 ; Yuan et al, 2019 ; Chen et al, 2020 ; Page et al, 2021 ; Huang et al, 2017 ; Hussien et al, 2018 ) involving 369 animals (186 in the berberine group and 183 in the control group) reported the escape latency, the analysis showed that berberine group could significantly decrease the escape latency than control group (SMD: −2.98 [95% CI: −3.82, −2.15], p < 0.00001, I 2 = 85%, Figure 2A )…”

“…In these studies, 10 studies ( Durairajan et al, 2012 ; Ni et al, 2015 ; Yarla et al, 2016 ; Wang et al, 2017 ; Cai et al, 2018 ; Hashimoto, 2018 ; Hussien et al, 2018 ; Chen et al, 2020 ; Page et al, 2021 ; Zhao et al, 2021 ) involving 194 animals (97 in the berberine group and 97 in the control group) reported the Aβ 1-42 quantitative, the analysis showed that berberine group could significantly decrease the Aβ 1-42 than control group (SMD: −4.35 [95% CI: −6.01, −2.69], p < 0.00001, I 2 = 91%, Figure 3A ).…”

“…In addition, a large number of preclinical studies of berberine supplementation for AD have been widely reported in recent years. As the understanding of the pathogenesis of AD grows, it also provides new avenues for the development of new drugs ( Hashimoto, 2018 ). Therefore, we integrated relevant animal studies for systematic review and meta-analysis to further comprehensively summarize the neuroprotective effects and potential mechanisms of berberine in AD.…”

Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular dynamics of novel cholinesterase inhibitors as anti‐Alzheimer's agents

“…Although up to date so many anti‐AD agents have been reported, there are only four approved drugs including tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine available in the market for the treatment of AD. These drugs are considered as cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors (Figure ) . Because these drugs have some disadvantages including hepatotoxicity via elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase levels, non‐selectivity, poor bioavailability, and adverse cholinergic side effect in the peripheral, further research to develop new drugs in this area are continuing.…”