Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MS) represents worldwide public health issue characterized by a set of cardiovascular risk factors including obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance. The link between the MS and the associated diseases is represented by oxidative stress (OS) and by the intracellular redox imbalance, both caused by the persistence of chronic inflammatory conditions that characterize MS. The increase in oxidizing species formation in MS has been accepted as a major underlying mechanism for mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of protein and lipid oxidation products, and impairment of the antioxidant systems. These oxidative modifications are recognized as relevant OS biomarkers potentially able to (i) clarify the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the etiology of the MS, (ii) contribute to the diagnosis/evaluation of the disease’s severity, and (iii) evaluate the utility of possible therapeutic strategies based on natural antioxidants. The antioxidant therapies indeed could be able to (i) counteract systemic as well as mitochondrial-derived OS, (ii) enhance the endogenous antioxidant defenses, (iii) alleviate MS symptoms, and (iv) prevent the complications linked to MS-derived cardiovascular diseases. The focus of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the role of OS in the development of metabolic alterations characterizing MS, with particular regard to the occurrence of OS-correlated biomarkers, as well as to the use of therapeutic strategies based on natural antioxidants.

Catharanthus roseus Combined with Ursolic Acid Attenuates Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes through Insulin Secretion and Glycogen Storage

“…The restoration of hepatic glycogen content in Group 5 indicates that the combination of CREE and UA stimulates the glycogen synthase enzyme by boosting the insulin production from beta cells ( Figure 2). Antioxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT, GSH, and GPx play an important character in the prevention of damage caused by oxidative stress in the cells [20,35,36]. SOD scavenges upon the radical of superoxide and changes it into hydrogen peroxide.…”

Oxidative Stress in Radiation-Induced Cardiotoxicity

“…PUFA, in particular linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, are an important target of lipid peroxide. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxy-2-non-ene (HNE) are the most important products of lipid oxidation [21]. ROS can induce lipid peroxide and destroy the bilayer arrangement of membrane lipids, which may lead to the inactivation of membrane-binding receptors and enzymes and increase the Figure 1: Formation of ROS after radiation and the general manifestation of cardiotoxicity.…”

“…Mitochondria are the major sites of intracellular oxygen consumption, and the respiratory chain of mitochondria is the main source of ROS, which has an important effect on the cardiovascular system [20]. IR can directly cause the respiratory chain of mitochondria to breakup, leading to respiratory chain dysfunction and thus reducing ATP production, increasing ROS production, reducing antioxidant capacity, and inducing apoptosis [21]. NADPH oxidase (NOXs) is the main enzymatic source of ROS in the cardiovascular system [22].…”

Perspectives on the Potential Benefits of Antihypertensive Peptides towards Metabolic Syndrome

“…Hypertension linked to the decreased NO bioavailability and/or plasma FFA-mediated ROS exaggeration is considered a primary risk factor for MetS [50]. Obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes have been reported to affect mitochondria's morphology and oxidative phosphorylation functions.…”