Biomaterials: Bioceramics

Abstract

Bioceramics are ceramics that can be used for the reconstruction or regeneration of diseased or damaged tissues, they can be bioinert (e.g., alumina and zirconia), resorbable in the body (e.g., tricalcium phosphate), or bioactive (e.g., bioactive glass, hydroxyapatite), which bond to certain tissues and are used in regenerative medicine. In orthopedics, diseased joints are traditionally replaced by prostheses made of bioinert materials that may last up to 15 years. Advanced metal alloys, special polymers, and bioinert ceramics are the basis of this success. However, as life expectancy of our population increases, patients require >30 years from their devices. For large bone defects and severely diseased or damaged soft tissue such as the lung and the liver, transplantation is used, but donors are never enough. To satisfy this growing need for very long term tissue repair a shift of emphasis on replacement of tissues to regeneration of tissues is needed. An understanding and use of biological approaches is essential. This article describes current applications of bioceramics as medical devices and discusses development of porous bioceramic and composite scaffolds for tissue engineering. It suggests that bioactive ceramics will be used for future biomedical devices for regenerative medicine due to their potential for guiding tissue regeneration by stimulating cells at the genetic level.

Strontium borate glass: potential biomaterial for bone regeneration

“…Presently, the L929 cell line is widely used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of materials (Torabinejad et al 1995;Kaga et al 2001;Serrano et al 2004;Scharnweber et al 2008) based on the requirement of ISO 10993 (International Standards Organization 10993 1992). Testing by this standard, 45S5 Bioglass has been widely reported to possess excellent biocompatibility (Shirtliff & Hench 2003;Wilson et al 2004;Jones & Hench 2006). As confirmed in this work, MTT result showed that the RGR of L929 cells was significantly more than 100 per cent, thus the corresponding cytotoxicity type was class 0, indicating no cytotoxicity.…”

Ternary MXene-loaded PLCL/collagen nanofibrous scaffolds that promote spontaneous osteogenic differentiation

“…fabricated bioactive glass nanoparticle-loaded chitosan–gelatin hydrogel beads [ 94 ]. The phosphate and calcium component of bioactive glasses could be converted to hydroxyapatite to stimulate osteogenic differentiation through different pathways [ 95 ]. The ions from the bioactive glass in a nanocomposite form activated the osteoblast genotype expression of dental pulp stem cells by upregulation of ALP activity in vitro.…”

Preparation and osteogenic properties of nanocomposite hydrogel beads loaded with nanometric bioactive glass particles

“…Otherwise, incorporation of bioactive fillers to hydrogels have shown an increase in bioactivity like the ability to drive differentiation processes. In this way, bioactive glass (BG), a bioceramic formed by threedimensional network of SiO 2 , in which a silicon atom (Si) coordinated with four oxygen atoms (O), and phosphate (P) and calcium (Ca) can stimulate osteogenic differentiation through different pathways [15]. BG also provides a topography that allows cell adhesion; its surface is converted to hydroxyapatite, and its dissolution products (ions) can induce signaling pathways that promote the production of the bone-like extracellular matrix, angiogenic factors, and mediators of inflammation [16,17].…”