Biomedical application of 2D nanomaterials in neuroscience

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as graphene, black phosphorus and transition metal dichalcogenides, have attracted increasing attention in biology and biomedicine. Their high mechanical stiffness, excellent electrical conductivity, optical transparency, and biocompatibility have led to rapid advances. Neuroscience is a complex field with many challenges, such as nervous system is difficult to repair and regenerate, as well as the early diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases are also challenged. This review mainly focuses on the application of 2D nanomaterials in neuroscience. Firstly, we introduced various types of 2D nanomaterials. Secondly, due to the repairment and regeneration of nerve is an important problem in the field of neuroscience, we summarized the studies of 2D nanomaterials applied in neural repairment and regeneration based on their unique physicochemical properties and excellent biocompatibility. We also discussed the potential of 2D nanomaterial-based synaptic devices to mimic connections among neurons in the human brain due to their low-power switching capabilities and high mobility of charge carriers. In addition, we also reviewed the potential clinical application of various 2D nanomaterials in diagnosing and treating neurodegenerative diseases, neurological system disorders, as well as glioma. Finally, we discussed the challenge and future directions of 2D nanomaterials in neuroscience. Graphical Abstract

Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Healthcare Monitoring

“…The recent focus on nerve repair and regeneration has led to the exploration of 2D nanomaterials with unique properties that enable enhanced drug loading and biocompatibility, opening new frontiers in the development of potential therapeutic strategies in this challenging field. 276 MoS 2 @PEG nanoflowers loaded with etanercept show effective anti-inflammatory effects and promote neuroprotection in spinal cord injury by modulating macrophage polarization, leading to improved locomotor recovery, thereby confirming the potential of MoS 2 -nanomaterial-based drug delivery for the treatment of neural injuries. 277 Layered double hydroxide NPs (LDH NPs) with low cytotoxicity promote the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), inhibiting their spontaneous differentiation through PI3K/ Akt signaling pathway activation, thereby exhibiting high potential for application in regenerative medicine and stem-cell research.…”

“…2D nanomaterials and their composites exhibit excellent sensing, diagnostics, drug delivery, and tissue engineering capabilities along with sensitivity to changes in physical or chemical stimuli. − Therefore, their integration into health-monitoring systems could revolutionize healthcare systems by facilitating the development of personalized medicine, thereby improving patient outcomes.…”

“…The complexity of neural repair and regeneration compounded by these factors increases the risk of permanent damage on neural damage. The recent focus on nerve repair and regeneration has led to the exploration of 2D nanomaterials with unique properties that enable enhanced drug loading and biocompatibility, opening new frontiers in the development of potential therapeutic strategies in this challenging field …”

Emerging trends and future challenges of advanced 2D nanomaterials for combating bacterial resistance

“…For example, nanocomposite films of MoS 2 and GO demonstrated improved in vitro antibacterial activity [ 102 ]. Besides, chemically modified MoS 2 nanosheets with indocyanine green can be used in tumor molecular imaging as a contrast agent, which can significantly improve the sensitivity of photoacoustic imaging, demonstrating an effective visualization of deep glioma [ 245 ] detailed scheme is given in Fig. 14 (A) .…”

Strain induced modulations in the thermoelectric properties of 2D SiH and GeH monolayers: insights from first-principle calculations

“…Two dimensional (2D) materials have drawn significant attentions among the materials scientists because of their wide range of technological and biomedical applications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The advantages of 2D over three dimensional (3D) materials are mainly attributed to the increase in exposed surface area to volume ratio, which in turn alter their electronic band structures and hence their associated mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties [4,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”