Biomedical Radar and Antenna Systems for Contactless Human Activity Analysis

A Review and Tutorial on Machine Learning-Enabled Radar-Based Biomedical Monitoring

“…= 33 Detection bias due to psychological stress can be eliminated [101], diversity [102], accessibility [102] Non-maleficence Non-maleficence ( = 0), security ( = 5), safety ( = 12), harm ( = 2), protection ( = 4), precaution ( = 0), prevention ( = 6), integrity (bodily or mental) ( = 1), non-subversion ( = 0) = 21 Safety [102], [103], prevention [104], [105], prevention [106] Responsibility Responsibility ( = 7), accountability ( = 0), liability ( = 0), acting with integrity ( = 0) Freedom and autonomy…”

“…A different picture emerges in the ethical principles justice and fairness, non-maleficence, privacy, and beneficence, starting with beneficence: In addition to technical benefits, the results analyzed also mention medical benefits [108], [109], [119], economic benefits [102], regulatory benefits [111], and social-ethical benefits. The latter arise, for instance, from avoiding privacy issues [102], [119], addressing social needs in healthcare [108], and enabling outdoor or home monitoring [102]. Nahar describes medical benefits "[...] in terms of convenience and accuracy in diagnosis, treatment, and detection of emergency situations in home and clinical environments" [105].…”

“…Radar technology is often promoted as being less privacyinvasive than common methods of vital sign measurements. While some authors do not see any breach of privacy in the use of radar systems at all [102], [119], radar-based monitoring is often compared to camera-or video-based devices, for which privacy concerns are raised [105], [108], [110], [119], [120]. Others highlight the possibility of reducing the invasion of privacy [101] or naming the preservation of privacy as one of its unique advantages [107].…”

“…With regard to the principle of justice and fairness, the need for diverse datasets [102] and the possibility of less detection bias due to contactless measures [101] appear in the literature. In addition, the possibility of having access to one's own data at any time is described as a technical challenge [102].…”

“…With regard to the principle of justice and fairness, the need for diverse datasets [102] and the possibility of less detection bias due to contactless measures [101] appear in the literature. In addition, the possibility of having access to one's own data at any time is described as a technical challenge [102]. The analysis shows that many important ethical principles have not yet been explored in relation to radar-based ML applications for biomedical monitoring, even though the technology promises benefits in numerous areas of clinical application.…”