Biomedical techniques in translational studies: The journey so far

Abstract

Biomedical techniques have wide clinical application in many fields of medicine such as oncology, rheumatology, immunology, genomics, cardiology and diagnostics; among others. This has been made possible with the use of genetic engineering and a number of techniques like Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Fluorescent Microscopy, Cell Culture, Genetically Modified (GM) Cells, Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. The aim of this literature review is to explore the foundations and bases of the commonly used biomedical techniques, as well as their applications in biomedical research and clinical medicine in general. This review also aims to shed some light on more recent advances in genetic engineering, especially in relation to genetically modified cells and use of monoclonal antibodies which have found more increasing use and relevance in genomics, oncology, rheumatology, immunology, cardiology as well as diagnostics, and have revolutionised patient care, while at the same time resulting in improved standard of health care. Unfortunately, some of these new techniques are associated with unwanted side effects which may pose a risk to the people they are actually intended for. Therefore, there is need for strict regulations and guidelines to control the use and implementation of some of these novel techniques.

Road Transportation in Nigeria: Issues and Public Policy

“…When road maintenance is neglected or not properly performed, it results in rapid deterioration of the road and eventual failure from both climatic and vehicle use impacts. Three major forms of maintenance are usually carried out: routine maintenance which is done continually on every road such as line marking, drainage clearing, bridges and culvert maintenance; recurrent maintenance such as maintenance of pavements, repair of potholes and grading is done at intervals during the year depending on the topographic and climatic characteristics of the area and the volume of traffic on the road; periodic maintenance involves rehabilitation of weakened parts of a highway at intervals of some years such as surface dressing, resealing and re-gravelling (Abdulkareem, 2003). Emergency repair is carried out when an incident that pose an immediate hazard to public safety occurs, for example bridge wash out due to storms or slippery road surface resulting from a spill.…”