Biometry and Statistical Analysis of the Styloid Process

Paz, Felix J. de; Rueda, Silvia Cristina Martínez; Barbosa, Mercedes; García, María M.; Pastor, Juan Francisco

doi:10.1002/ar.22452

Cited by 10 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In order to assess SP length, various imaging modalities, such as orthopantomograms (OPGs), lateral cephalometric radiographs [2,47], anteroposterior skull radiographs, computed tomography scanning [27,44] and anatomical methods utilising measurements in dry skulls [10,11,18,38,39,41,45,50] have been used. The advantage of metric studies in dry skulls is lack of distortion or superimpositions of structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of the styloid process length in a Greek population

et al. 2019

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Background: The styloid process (SP) is a slender cylindrical bony projection of the temporal bone with 2 ligaments and 3 muscles attached to it. Symptomatic SP elongation is also referred to, as Eagle's syndrome. The aim of the present study is to investigate the distribution of the SP length in a young adult Greek population. Materials and methods: Moreover, we provide a comparison of the results by using two different methods for assessing SP elongation, as described in the literature. Finally, we explore the possibility of using orthopantomograms (OPGs), as a diagnostic aid by investigating inter-examiner, intra-examiner and inter-examination variability and we propose a limit for SP elongation measurable in OPGs. Results: The sample comprised 805 digital OPGs, taken from student pilots and engineers entering the Hellenic Air Force Academy, from 2008 onwards. Two measuring approaches were selected, one using the temporal bone, as a cranial landmark and the other, using the external auditory meatus. The end tip of the process was always the caudal landmark. The mean SP length was 28.42 ± ± 8.48 mm in males and 26.04 ± 7.69 mm in females, when measured from the temporal bone. The mean SP length was 38.35 ± 8.90 mm in males and 34.24 ± ± 8.63 mm in females, when measured from the external auditory meatus. The length of 30 mm is most commonly used as a starting point for SP elongation. In the total sample, 30.6% of the measured SPs exceeded the length of 30 mm. In males, 33.12% of the SPs were elongated; while in females the corresponding incidence was 20%. One hundred and nineteen (14.8%) SPs were not traceable. Conclusions: The SP is typically detectable and measurable in OPGs. An elongated SP should be kept in mind, since symptoms of elongation may overlap with clinical manifestations of temporomandibular joint disorders.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The advantage of metric studies in dry skulls is lack of distortion or superimpositions of structures. On the other hand, it is rather hard to find numerous intact SPs, since SP is a particularly fragile part of the cranium [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the styloid process length in a Greek population

et al. 2019

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“…Thanuja et al, carried out a study with the same number of patients but with using a different method, found that the sagittal angulation was 80.6 degrees in males and 82.4 degrees in females, and the axial angulation was 25.2 degrees in males and 31.1 degrees in females. As a result, no statistically significant differences were found between the genders and the right / left side [26]. Crohn et al, found the mean styloid sagittal angle to be 56.7 degrees and a significant difference between males (63.4) and females (54.9) [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression and Vitamin D Deficiency: Causality, Assessment, and Clinical Practice Implications

Cuomo¹,

Giordano²,

Goracci³

et al. 2017

Neuropsychiatry

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Purpose: Carotid dissection is the most important cause of ischemic stroke in young adults. Ischemic stroke rate up to 20% in people under 50 years. Recently, young patients under 50 years of age who were admitted to the emergency department with ischemic stroke complaints were diagnosed with carotid dissection.Methods: For this purpose, cranio-cervical CT angio images of patients admitted to our clinic with suspected carotid artery dissection and diagnosed as ICA dissection were retrospectively reviewed. the characteristics of the patients with ICA dissection and normal patients undergoing cranio-cervical CT angiography were investigated using 3D anatomical programs, specifically the course of the stylohyoid ligament, the distance between stylohyoid ligament and the carotid artery, and contact between stylohyoid ligament and the carotid artery. Sectra and AW Server 2 archives and XIO 4.80 radiotherapy planning programs were used for 3D analysis of the images. The data obtained from the analyzes were evaluated using the SPSS statistical program. Results:Descriptive statistics, Independent Samples T-Test, Pearson correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and graphical programs were used in statistical evaluations. According to Independent Samples T-Test results performed under SPSS, the distance between the ICA with stylohyoid ligament at 0.05 (sig.2-tailed) level (t = 5,950, sig = 0,000) and the difference between the age of the patients (t = 2,226, sig = 0,026) was significant. In addition, the axial (t = 2,938, sig = 0,005) and sagittal (t = 2,307, sig = 0,026) angles between the genders were different. In Pearson correlation analysis, styloid axial angles (r = -0.316, sig = 0.029), styloid sagittal angles (r = -0.333, sig = 0.020) and age of ICA dissection (r = -0.332, sig = 0.026) at 0,05 (2-tailed) level was found to be correlated. More importantly, in patients with ICA dissection, it was found that there was a strong correlation between stylohyoid ligament-carotid distance (r = -0.659, sig = 0.000) at the 0.01 (2-tailed) level. Conclusion:As a result, the closure of the stylohyoid ligament closer than 3.9 mm to the carotid for any reason increases the risk of dissection in young patients. It is thought that the results of this research will constitute a step for radiological artificial intelligence studies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anatomical variations of the hyoid-larynx complex occur in 4–30% of the general population 1–4 . Anomalies of this complex are of great importance for radiological examination and surgery of the neck region 1,5 . The significance of anomalies has also been well recognized in forensic sciences, as fractures in this complex are important indicators for strangulation and blunt or penetrating trauma on the neck 5–8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variants of the hyoid-larynx complex, with implications for forensic science and consequence for the diagnosis of Eagle’s syndrome

Bakker

Soerdjbalie‐Maikoe

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Thorough anatomic knowledge of the hyoid-larynx complex is necessary for forensic radiologists and ear-nose-throat surgeons, given the many anatomic variations that originate in embryology. In forensics the anomalies must be distinguished from fractures because the latter are indicative of violence on the neck. In this manuscript we describe the anatomical variations that can be found in the hyoid-larynx complex and explain their etiology. 284 radiological scans of excised hyoid-larynx complexes were examined with X-ray and CT. Some rare cases from literature and historical collections were added. Two third of the examined hyoid-larynx complexes deviated from the anatomical standard and showed uni- or bilateral ankylosis in the hyoid bone and/or so-called triticeal cartilages. In one fifth of the cases we found striking anatomical variants, mostly derived from the cartilage of the second pharyngeal arch. Anatomical variations of the hyoid-larynx complex can be explained by embryological development. The aberrant hyoid apparatus and the elongated styloid processes (Eagle syndrome) should be considered as one clinical entity with two different expressions as both anomalies are derived from the cartilage of the second pharyngeal arch. Several variants can mimic fractures in this region, so our study is important for radiologists and forensic experts assessing cases of possible violence on the neck.

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Biometry and Statistical Analysis of the Styloid Process

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Investigation of the styloid process length in a Greek population

Investigation of the styloid process length in a Greek population

Depression and Vitamin D Deficiency: Causality, Assessment, and Clinical Practice Implications

Variants of the hyoid-larynx complex, with implications for forensic science and consequence for the diagnosis of Eagle’s syndrome

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