Biomimétisme en architecture. État, méthodes et outils

Abstract

Le biomimétisme inspire l’innovation dans différents domaines. Il a un impact significatif dans le champ de l’architecture, où il peut conduire à des innovations pour concevoir un environnement bâti durable. En tant que champ interdisciplinaire, l’architecture est influencée par de nombreux aspects des sciences naturelles et sociales. Parmi ces influences, l’inspiration de la biologie est actuellement dominante. Le cadre de la conception bio-inspirée a évolué et s’est transformé en différentes approches innovantes en grande partie du fait du développement de l’informatique et de son usage en architecture. Cet article vise à identifier les principales caractéristiques de l’architecture biomimétique, au regard de l’architecture bio-inspirée et à travers un état des connaissances dans le domaine et une étude de cas significatifs. L’objectif est de montrer comment l’usage de méthodologies de conception biomimétique pourrait conduire à des innovations en architecture en vue de répondre aux enjeux environnementaux actuels. Toutefois les architectes ne disposent pas encore des moyens d’accès à ces méthodologies biomimétiques pour les utiliser efficacement, aussi nous présentons à la fin de cet article les caractéristiques d’une plateforme d’outils qui pourrait faciliter la conception biomimétique dans le champ de l’architecture.

Biomimicry in French Urban Projects: Trends and Perspectives from the Practice

“…Examples in this category are the Nianing Church, a concluded project located in Senegal ( Figure 1 ). This project finds inspiration in the termite mounds model aiming at passive thermal regulation, a well-described biological model successfully applied in previous projects as the CH2 and the Eastgate Center [ 5 ]. Another example is the Quartier de Gally project, a neighborhood under construction that aims at natural ecosystems as models to promote a neighborhood that better integrate urban spaces and nature.…”

“…Biomimicry draws upon emulation of, and knowledge transfer from, living organisms and whole ecosystems to find solutions to human problems [ 1 ]. In the built environment sciences, it is a growing topic [ 2 , 3 , 4 ], with an application that mainly aims for sustainable innovation [ 3 , 5 ]. Biomimicry offers an opportunity to operationalize sustainability and regenerative development on architectural and urban projects [ 2 , 6 ].…”

“…The practice of biomimetic architecture faced the first increase throughout the nineties, within the beginning of a global context of energy transition, giving birth to iconic biomimetic projects like the Eastgate building (1996) [ 2 , 5 ]. With the simultaneous development of biomimetic architecture in research, education, and architectural practice, the last two decades presented a surge of interest in the topic [ 7 ].…”

Urban Ecosystem-Level Biomimicry and Regenerative Design: Linking Ecosystem Functioning and Urban Built Environments

“…Biomimicry draws upon emulation of, and knowledge transfer from, living organisms and whole ecosystems to find solutions to human problems [8]. In the built environment disciplines, its application has been growing at the architectural scale, with the aim of sustainable innovation [9,10]. Several buildings have already employed this approach, going through formal biomimetic development methods for design, and integrating functional solutions to meet sustainable development challenges, as the Eastgate Building in Harare (Zimbabwe), and the Council House 2 (CH2) in Melbourne (Australia) [9,11].…”

BiomiMETRIC Assistance Tool: A Quantitative Performance Tool for Biomimetic Design

“…The implementation of this approach has weaknesses and limitations [7], mainly at Step 7 in the assessment of biomimetic performance. Several tools for discovering solutions exist in nature [8,9,10], and some are based on computer-aided biomimetics software developed for the integration of biological knowledge in engineering to facilitate the search for solutions [9,11,12]. More than 40 tools are available [9] to facilitate the use of the biomimetic approach in design, architecture, and engineering, which are focused mainly on the steps involved in identifying and transposing biological models to technological applications.…”