Biomimic Enamel Remineralization by Hybridization Calcium- and Phosphate-Loaded Liposomes with Amelogenin-Inspired Peptide

Abstract

Abstract. We here report a novel biomimetic mineralization strategy for enamel remineralization by intergration of calcium phosphate loaded and thermally triggered liposomes and a self-assembly amelogenin-inspired peptide. Firstly, calcium and phosphate loaded temperature sensitive liposomes were synthesized by Interdigitation-fusion method with 1,2-bis(palmitoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorcholine (DPPC) and 1,2-bis(myristoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) at mass ratio of 9:1. The liposomes were stable at room temperature, but slowly released calcium and phosphate ions if heated to 37°C . Secondly, a novel polyanion amelogenin-inspired oligopeptide (Gln-Pro-Ala) 4 -Thr-Lys-Arg-Glu-Glu-Val-Asp) was synthesized by standard solid-phase. Finally, the mixture of peptide and liposomes solution was exposed to enamel surface at 37°C . The results showed oriented enamel-like hydroxylapatite evenly deposited on enamel surface.

A novel oligopeptide simulating dentine matrix protein 1 for biomimetic mineralization of dentine

“…The HAP nano-crystals self-assemble into a special microstructure of repeating prism units. In the presence of a supersaturated calcium phosphate solution, the HAP nano-crystals can act as nuclei to induce the growth of HAP crystals, thereby resulting in the precipitation of HAP crystals on the enamel surface [7]. To become more resistant to caries attack than the original enamel tissue, the HAP nano-crystals precipitate on the surface and penetrate the subsurface areas of the carious lesion.…”

A novel self-assembled oligopeptide amphiphile for biomimetic mineralization of enamel

“…Matured enamel is composed of 95 wt% nano-rod-like hydroxyapatite. It is crucial to design the macromolecules as the template to induce the enamel microstructure regeneration under physiological conditions [ 14 ]. During enamel formation, amelogenin, the major enamel protein constituting approximately 90% of all organic matrix material [ 15 ], spontaneously self-assembles into nano-spherical supermolecular structures.…”

Development of long duration releasing liposomes for prolonged content release in dental care applications

“…Continuous release of chemicals in the oral cavity can present opportunities for regulation of pH, which is one of the leading contributors of dental caries formation [16,17], as well as provide mineral saturation for the reparation [18] and growth of hydroxyapatite crystals to strengthen and eventual complete repair of enamel surfaces on dentine.…”

“…Using bioactive materials that simulates a natural physiological response to initiate formation of hydroxyapatite [85] from calcium and phosphate similar to natural healing and grafting of bone tissues, artificial remineralization of hydroxyapatite in the oral system can also be stimulated in a similar fashion. Bioactive materials such as phosphoprotein peptides [86] and amelogenin peptides [18,87] are able to capture calcium, phosphate or even fluoride ions to form new mineral deposits on demineralized enamel. With the peptides as a seed attached to demineralized enamel sites, precipitates of small apatite form in an abundance of mineral ions to achieve remineralization of apatites with improved properties such as increased toughness, abrasion resistance, and reduced porosity and roughness.…”

“…The experiment process was conducted over 20mins, but the release of contents from the liposomes were concluded in approximately 5 mins as no further pH drop from the mineralization process was observed by the researchers. In another similar research published in 2012, Luo et al improved on the research by using an amelogenin-inspired peptide in addition to calcium and phosphate loaded thermosensitive liposomes to seed and control the precipitation of calcium phosphate to grow oriented and evenly distributed enamel-like hydroxyapatite onto enamel surface [18]. In the release and precipitation experiments, the mixture of peptide and liposomes solution was exposed to enamel surface at 37 °C in oven for two weeks.…”