Bioresearch Highlights on Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), and their Applications

Abstract

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are an important type of genetic variation that occurs due to differences in one nucleotide between individuals. SNPs are distributed throughout the genome and can occur in both coding as well as non-coding regions. Different SNPs databases and tools for predicting protein-altering variants are available with huge information. For detecting the synonymous and nonsynonmous SNPs for genome-wide studies online and offline tools are accessible. In bioinformatics, SNPs are crucial to understanding the molecular mechanisms of sequence evolution, association with human diseases, and variation between individuals in response to drugs and can be used to make personalized medicines. Therefore, in this systematic review, we also discuss the vital role of SNPs in genetic mapping, pharmacogenomics, gene discovery, pharmacogenetics, diseases, evolution, nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics, and strong biological markers.