Biosynthesis of Cutin

Kolattukudy, P. E.; Croteau, Rodney; Walton, Terence J.

doi:10.1104/pp.55.5.875

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The cutin monomer 10,16-dihydroxypalmitate is an abundant and widespread component of cutins in various organs of many plant species. It accounts, for example, for 80% of cutin in leaves of Vicia faba (37) and in fruits of tomato (38). The cutin monomer profiles of the Arabidopsis insertional mutants for CYP86A4 and CYP77A6 presented here indicate that the -hydroxylase and in-chain hydroxylase for the biosynthesis of 10,16-dihydroxypalmitate, which were studied by Kolattukudy and coworkers 30 years ago using biochemical assays in V. faba (39,40), have now been identified in Arabidopsis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nanoridges that characterize the surface morphology of flowers require the synthesis of cutin polyester

Li‐Beisson

Pollard

Sauveplane

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

238

252

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Distinctive nanoridges on the surface of flowers have puzzled plant biologists ever since their discovery over 75 years ago. Although postulated to help attract insect pollinators, the function, chemical nature, and ontogeny of these surface nanostructures remain uncertain. Studies have been hampered by the fact that no ridgeless mutants have been identified. Here, we describe two mutants lacking nanoridges and define the biosynthetic pathway for 10,16-dihydroxypalmitate, a major cutin monomer in nature. Using gene expression profiling, two candidates for the formation of floral cutin were identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana: the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 6 (GPAT6) and a member of a cytochrome P450 family with unknown biological function (CYP77A6). Plants carrying null mutations in either gene produced petals with no nanoridges and no cuticle could be observed by either scanning or transmission electron microscopy. A strong reduction in cutin content was found in flowers of both mutants. In planta overexpression suggested GPAT6 preferentially uses palmitate derivatives in cutin synthesis. Comparison of cutin monomer profiles in knockouts for CYP77A6 and the fatty acid -hydroxylase CYP86A4 provided genetic evidence that CYP77A6 is an in-chain hydroxylase acting subsequently to CYP86A4 in the synthesis of 10,16-dihydroxypalmitate. Biochemical activity of CYP77A6 was demonstrated by production of dihydroxypalmitates from 16-hydroxypalmitate, using CYP77A6-expressing yeast microsomes. These results define the biosynthetic pathway for an abundant and widespread monomer of the cutin polyester, show that the morphology of floral surfaces depends on the synthesis of cutin, and identify target genes to investigate the function of nanoridges in flower biology.10,16-dihydroxypalmitic acid ͉ cuticular ridges ͉ CYP77A6 ͉ CYP86A4 ͉ glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 6

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nanoridges that characterize the surface morphology of flowers require the synthesis of cutin polyester

Li‐Beisson

Pollard

Sauveplane

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

238

252

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“…Supportively, the content of a-,v-dicarboxylic fatty acids has been found to decrease and that of v-hydroxy fatty acids to increase in the ace/ hth mutant, resulting in defects in cuticle development (Krolikowski et al, 2003;Kurdyukov et al, 2006). Meanwhile, the biochemical activity of v-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase and v-oxoacid dehydrogenase has been proven in epidermis of young Vicia faba leaves and potato (Solanum tuberosum) discs (Kolattukudy et al, 1975;Agrawal and Kolattukudy, 1977). Consistently, an abnormal anther cuticle and the significant reduction of C16:0 and C18:2 diacids were observed in the ipe1 mutant.…”

Section: Ipe1 Mediates the Lipid Metabolic Pathway In The Tapetummentioning

confidence: 93%

IRREGULAR POLLEN EXINE1 Is a Novel Factor in Anther Cuticle and Pollen Exine Formation

et al. 2016

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ORCID IDs: 0000-0002-4656-3189 (H.S.); 0000-0003-0518-5924 (C.Z.); 0000-0001-9320-9628 (W.J.).Anther cuticle and pollen exine are protective barriers for pollen development and fertilization. Despite that several regulators have been identified for anther cuticle and pollen exine development in rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), few genes have been characterized in maize (Zea mays) and the underlying regulatory mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report a novel male-sterile mutant in maize, irregular pollen exine1 (ipe1), which exhibited a glossy outer anther surface, abnormal Ubisch bodies, and defective pollen exine. Using map-based cloning, the IPE1 gene was isolated as a putative glucose-methanolcholine oxidoreductase targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. Transcripts of IPE1 were preferentially accumulated in the tapetum during the tetrad and early uninucleate microspore stage. A biochemical assay indicated that ipe1 anthers had altered constituents of wax and a significant reduction of cutin monomers and fatty acids. RNA sequencing data revealed that genes implicated in wax and flavonoid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and elongation were differentially expressed in ipe1 mutant anthers. In addition, the analysis of transfer DNA insertional lines of the orthologous gene in Arabidopsis suggested that IPE1 and their orthologs have a partially conserved function in male organ development. Our results showed that IPE1 participates in the putative oxidative pathway of C16/C18 v-hydroxy fatty acids and controls anther cuticle and pollen exine development together with MALE STERILITY26 and MALE STERILITY45 in maize.Male sterility is a common biological phenomenon in plants and widely used in the production of hybrid seeds, which can reduce costs and enhance seed purity (Tester and Langridge, 2010). According to inheritance or origin, male sterility includes three types: genic male sterility, cytoplasmic male sterility, and cytoplasmicgenic male sterility (Rhee et al., 2015). The generation of mature pollen grains relies on anther development. The start of anther formation occurs in differentiated flower tissues (floral meristem), which consist of three histogenic layers: L1, L2, and L3. After continuous cell division and differentiation, L1 forms the epidermis and the L3 layer develops into the stomium and vascular bundles. L2 is the most important layer; it undergoes a series of periclinal and anticlinal divisions and eventually grows into the endothecium, the middle layer, the tapetum, and the pollen mother cells. When anther morphogenesis is completed, the anther has centrally localized pollen mother cells enclosed by four somatic layers, which are, from the surface to the interior, the epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, and tapetum. Then, the pollen mother cells undergo meiosis and mitosis, resulting in trinucleate pollen grains, and the endothecium, middle layer, and tapetum are gradually degraded (Goldberg et al., 1993(Goldberg et al., , 1995Ma, 2005).The anther cuticle and poll...

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“…Aldehyde dehydrogenase (12) was assayed by measurement of the change in A of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides at 340 nm. The reaction mixture contained 2.5 ml of 0.05 M K-phosphate (pH 6.0), 0.02 ml linoleic acid substrate solution, 0.3 ml bean extract, and 0.1 ml NAD+ or NADP+ (1 mg/ml in buffer).…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of Traumatin, a Wound Hormone, as 12-Oxo-trans-10-dodecenoic Acid

Zimmerman¹,

Coudron²

1979

Plant Physiol.

189

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12-Oxo-tras-ldodecenoic acid (raas-10-ODA) is an oxidation product of polyuaturated fatty aids in plant tssues. The strutural similarity of tras-10-ODA and traumatic acid, a compound considered to be a wound hormone, suggested that tras-10-ODA might be a precursor of traumatic acid. Both tans-10-ODA and traumatic acid were active in the Wehnelt bean assay. The results were more consistent with tans-10-ODA than with traumatic acid. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. National Pickling) hypocotyls also showed a growth increase following treatment with trans-10-ODA, which suggested that trans-10-ODA has a more general influence on plant development than previously ascribed to traumatic acid.Runner beans (Phaseolus vulgars L. var. Kentucky Wonder) were analyzed for the presence of endogenous trans-10-ODA and traumatic acid. These are the beans from which traumatic acid was originally isolated in 1939. They contained trans-10-ODA but no traumatic acid. Young beans were a better source of bans-10-ODA than older beans and an increase in the esterified form of trans-10-ODA with age may have been due to a conversion of the free acid to the esterified form. The amount of endogenous trans-10-ODA increased when bean pod tissue was sliced and wounded. Rapid stirring and the presence of oxygen increased autooxidation of trans-10-ODA to traumatic acid in nner beans, which indicated that the compound identified as traumatic acid is formed by autooxidation of trans-10-ODA and that trans-10-ODA is a natural compound with growth-regulating properties.Enzyme extracts of runner beans synthesized trans-10-ODA from inoleic acid. No enzymic synthesis of traumatic acid was observed even when cofactors were added to the reaction mixture. This confirmed the conclusion that traumatic acid is formed by autooxidation of trans-10-ODA. The internodes of Ricinus communis demonstrated a wound response to traumatic acid (18). However, many other tissues have failed to respond to traumatic acid, and Keller (11) and HaagenSmit and Viglierchio (7) reported that crude extracts of beans and citrus fruit were much more active in the Wehnelt assay for wound hormones than was traumatic acid.Vick and Zimmerman (24) recently reported the presence of a hydroperoxide lyase enzyme in watermelon seedlings that converted 13-hydroperoxy-linoleic acid to trans-10-ODA2 and hexanal. Tressl and Drawert (23) proposed that trans-10-ODA was formed from linoleic acid and 13-hydroperoxy-linoleic acid in homogenates of climacteric and postclimacteric bananas. Because of the similarity of the structures, trans-lI-ODA is a possible precursor of traumatic acid via a dehydrogenase. We investigated this possibility by repeating the work of English et al. (4,5) concerning the isolation and physiological activity of traumatic acid.MATERIALS AND METHODS General Conditions. All organic solvents and buffers for enzyme extraction were deoxygenated by bubbling N2 through them for 20 min. Samples were extracted and stored under N2. Enzyme incubations and assays were performed ...

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Biosynthesis of Cutin

Cited by 20 publications

References 27 publications

Nanoridges that characterize the surface morphology of flowers require the synthesis of cutin polyester

Nanoridges that characterize the surface morphology of flowers require the synthesis of cutin polyester

IRREGULAR POLLEN EXINE1 Is a Novel Factor in Anther Cuticle and Pollen Exine Formation

Identification of Traumatin, a Wound Hormone, as 12-Oxo-trans-10-dodecenoic Acid

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