Biosynthesis of Lipids and Hydrocarbons in Algae

Baba, Masato; Shiraiwa, Yoshihiro

doi:10.5772/56413

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Des: Desaturase, Elo: elongase, ACP: Acyl carrier protein. Inspired by: [25,33,34,35,36,37,38]. The desaturation pathway from [39,40], with an alternative pathway to 18:5ω3 as suggested by [41], is shown by red arrows.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acid Profiles and Production in Marine Phytoplankton

2019

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Microalgae are the primary producers of carbon in marine ecosystems, fixing carbon and subsequently generating various biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Most importantly, microalgae are the generators and main suppliers of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3PUFA) in the marine ecosystem, which have a fundamental importance for the functioning and quality of the whole marine food web. A meta-analysis of over 160 fatty acid profiles of 7 marine phytoplankton phyla reveals not only a phyla-specific, but also a highly class-specific PUFA production of marine phytoplankton. The highest EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid; 20:5ω3) production per total fatty acids was found in 2 classes of Haptophyta and in Ochrophyta, while Dinophyta and the Haptophyte Emiliana huxleyi show the highest production of DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid; 22:6ω3). An important precursor for EPA, Stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4ω3) is found in high proportions in Cryptophyta and the Chlorophta class Pyramimonadophyceae. Per unit of carbon, Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria were the poorest producers of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). The remaining phyla had a similar HUFA contribution per unit of carbon but with different compositions. The nutritional and environmental effects on the phytoplankton PUFA production is summarized and shows a lowering of the PUFA content under stressful environmental conditions.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acid Profiles and Production in Marine Phytoplankton

2019

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“…Under nutrition starvation and stress conditions, DGDG is exported to various extraplastidial membranes, substituting for phosphoglycerolipids [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Thus, MGDG and DGDG play important roles in the structural stabilization and function of membranes [ 35 , 36 , 37 ], and are fundamental in the trafficking of lipids between subcellular compartments [ 35 ].…”

Section: The Structure Of Glycolipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipidomic Approaches towards Deciphering Glycolipids from Microalgae as a Reservoir of Bioactive Lipids

Costa

Silva²,

Mendonça³

et al. 2016

Marine Drugs

112

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In recent years, noteworthy research has been performed around lipids from microalgae. Among lipids, glycolipids (GLs) are quite abundant in microalgae and are considered an important source of fatty acids (FAs). GLs are rich in 16- and 18-carbon saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and often contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) like n-3 α-linolenic (ALA 18:3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6). GLs comprise three major classes: monogalactosyldiacyl glycerolipids (MGDGs), digalactosyl diacylglycerolipids (DGDGs) and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerolipids (SQDGs), whose composition in FA directly depends on the growth conditions. Some of these lipids are high value-added compounds with antitumoral, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities and also with important nutritional significance. To fully explore GLs’ bioactive properties it is necessary to fully characterize their structure and to understand the relation between the structure and their biological properties, which can be addressed using modern mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomic approaches. This review will focus on the up-to-date FA composition of GLs identified by MS-based lipidomics and their potential as phytochemicals.

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“…177 Terpenes are polymers of isoprene C 5 H 8 . 179,180 Two metabolic pathways are capable of producing the isoprenoid building blocks, isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate: the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, also known as the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway and the nonmevalonate pathway. The name "terpene" is derived from the word "turpentine."…”

Section: Terpene-based Biofuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%