Birth outcomes among urban African-American women: A multilevel analysis of the role of racial residential segregation

Bell, Janice F.; Zimmerman, Frederick J.; Almgren, Gunnar; Mayer, Jonathan D.; Huebner, Colleen E.

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.011

Cited by 190 publications

(197 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Our findings contribute to the evidence that neighborhood socioeconomic level can either have a positive or negative effect on the health and well-being of residents. 36,37,38 Some authors have reported a negative effect of racial segregation on adverse pregnancy outcomes, 39,40,41 while others have found that the fact of living in a community with a high rate of immigration acts as a protective factor. 42 In Barcelona, there is no evidence that living in a community surrounded by your peers is protective.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Inequalities in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in an Urban Setting in Spain: A Multilevel Approach

et al. 2012

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The aim of the present study was to describe socioeconomic inequalities in low birth weight (LBW), premature birth (PM) and small size for gestational age at birth (SGA) between 2000 and 2005 in Barcelona, Spain, jointly evaluating the effect of mother's country of origin, and neighborhood of residence socioeconomic level measured using unemployment and educational level. We performed a cross-sectional study of births to mothers aged 12-49 years who were residents in the city of Barcelona in 2000-2005, analyzing adverse pregnancy outcomes (n=61,676). Weighted multilevel logistic regression models were fitted with individual data on level 1 and neighborhood data on level 2, to obtain adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals and residual variance. Individually, pregnancy outcomes are more favorable in births to older mothers and to mothers from Maghrib and Central and South America than from developed countries (including Spain) or from other developing countries. After adjusting for individual variables, poor pregnancy outcomes were associated with poor neighborhoods (more unemployment was associated to LBW: aOR =1.56; PM aOR = 1.51; SGA aOR =1.66). The same trend was observed for associations with illiteracy rate. The present study shows that there are socioeconomic inequalities in adverse pregnancy outcomes in the city of Barcelona. One of the main challenges in perinatal health continues to be the reduction of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the city.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Inequalities in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in an Urban Setting in Spain: A Multilevel Approach

et al. 2012

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“…55 Mechanisms underlying these disparities include shared genetics and epigenetic changes, as well as continuity in social conditions across generations. 50,56,57 For example, mothers (G1) who were born LBW are ∼50% more likely to give birth to LBW infants (G2), compared with mothers born heavier, even among sisters. 50 Being born LBW (G2) is related to lower educational attainment and poorer adult health, both of which affect parenting.…”

Section: Lbwmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breaking the Intergenerational Cycle of Disadvantage: The Three Generation Approach

2016

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Health disparities in the United States related to socioeconomic status are persistent and pervasive. This review highlights how social disadvantage, particularly low socioeconomic status and the health burden it brings, is passed from 1 generation to the next. First, we review current frameworks for understanding the intergenerational transmission of health disparities and provide 4 illustrative examples relevant to child health, development, and well-being. Second, the leading strategy to break the cycle of poverty in young families in the United States, the 2-generation approach, is reviewed. Finally, we propose a new 3-generation approach that must combine with the 2-generation approach to interrupt the intergenerational cycle of disadvantage and eliminate health disparities.

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“…12 It is associated with physical, social, and environmental issues. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Over the past two decades, asthma morbidity and mortality within the USA have increased to epidemic proportions among all age, race, and gender groups in every region of the country. 23 High levels of indoor allergens are associated with asthma morbidity.…”

Section: Asthma and Indoor Allergensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Building-Level Characteristics Associated with Indoor Allergens in the Household?

et al. 2011

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Building-level characteristics are structural factors largely beyond the control of those who live in them. We explored whether building-level characteristics and indoor allergens in the household are related. We examined the relationship between building-level characteristics and indoor allergens: dust mite, cat, cockroach, and mouse. Building-level characteristics measured were presence of pests (seeing cockroaches and rodents), building type (public housing, buildings zoned commercially and residentially, and building size), and building condition (building age and violations). Allergen cutpoints were used for categorical analyses and defined as follows: dust mite: 90.25 μg/g; cat: 91 μg/g; cockroach: 91 U/g; mouse: 91.6 μg/g. In fully adjusted linear analyses, neither dust mite nor cat allergen were statistically significantly associated with any building-level characteristics. Cockroach allergen was associated with the presence of cockroaches (2.07; 95% CI, 1.23, 3.49) and living in public housing (2.14; 95% CI, 1.07, 4.31). Mouse allergen was associated with the presence of rodents (1.70; 95% CI, 1.29, 2.23), and building size: living in a low-rise (G8 floors; 0.60; 95% CI, 0.42, 0.87) or high-rise (8+floors; 0.50; 95% CI, 0.29, 0.88; compared with house/duplex). In fully adjusted logistic analyses, cat allergen was statistically significantly associated with living in a high-rise (6.29; 95% CI, 1.51, 26.21; compared with a house/duplex). Mouse allergen was associated with living in public housing (6.20; 95% CI, 1.01, 37.95) and building size: living in a low-rise (0.16; 95% CI, 0.05, 0.52) or high-rise (0.06; 95% CI, 0.01, 0.50; compared with a house/duplex). Issues concerning building size and public housing may be particularly critical factors in reducing asthma morbidity. We suggest that future research explore the possible improvement of these factors through changes to building code and violations adherence, design standards, and incentives for landlords.

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Birth outcomes among urban African-American women: A multilevel analysis of the role of racial residential segregation

Cited by 190 publications

References 71 publications

Neighborhood Inequalities in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in an Urban Setting in Spain: A Multilevel Approach

Neighborhood Inequalities in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in an Urban Setting in Spain: A Multilevel Approach

Breaking the Intergenerational Cycle of Disadvantage: The Three Generation Approach

Are Building-Level Characteristics Associated with Indoor Allergens in the Household?

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