Bisphenol A affects vipergic nervous structures in the porcine urinary bladder trigone

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in the production of plastics approved for contact with feed and food. Upon entering living organisms, BPA, as a potent endocrine disruptor, negatively affects various internal organs and regulatory systems, especially in young individuals. Although previous studies have described the neurotoxic effects of BPA on various tissues, it should be underlined that the putative influence of this substance on the chemical architecture of the urinary bladder intrinsic innervation has not yet been studied. One of the most important neuronal substances involved in the regulation of urinary bladder functions is vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), which primarily participates in the regulation of muscular activity and blood flow. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the influence of various doses of BPA on the distribution pattern of VIP-positive neural structures located in the wall of the porcine urinary bladder trigone using the double-immunofluorescence method. The obtained results show that BPA influence leads to an increase in the number of both neurons and nerve fibres containing VIP in the porcine urinary bladder trigone. This may indicate that VIP participates in adaptive processes of the urinary bladder evoked by BPA.

Bisphenol A Effects on Neurons’ Neurochemical Character in the Urinary Bladder Intramural Ganglia of Domestic Pigs

“…The results obtained in this study have shown the presence of all studied substances in the neurons located in the intramural ganglia, which is in agreement with previous observations describing these substances in the intramural urinary bladder neurons in various mammal species, including humans [30,31,[34][35][36][37][40][41][42][43][44][45]. Conversely, differences concerning the sizes of neuronal populations that are immunoreactive to particular neuronal factors between the present study and previous studies conducted on domestic pigs are clearly visible.…”

“…The TDI for BPA was reduced from 5 to 4 µg/kg b.w./day in 2015, and a proposal for a further reduction exists [74]. Simultaneously, the dose of 0.05 mg/kg b.w./day is still a TDI in some countries outside the European Union [75], although it is not completely neutral for living organisms, which has been confirmed by previous studies [20,34,63,64] and the present investigation. It should be pointed out that the BPA doses used in the present study are higher than the doses to which living organisms are usually exposed in "everyday life" [2].…”

“…Previous studies have shown that neurons located in the urinary bladder intramural ganglia are diverse in terms of their neurochemical characterisation and may contain a wide range of active neuronal factors [28][29][30][31]. Moreover, it has been found that these neurons take part in pathological processes within the urinary bladder and may change their neurochemical profile under the impact of various pathological and toxic factors [32][33][34]. However, it should be underlined that knowledge about the impacts of BPA on the urinary bladder intramural neurons is extremely scarce and limited to one study, in which BPAinduced changes in the number of neurons containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were found [34].…”

Male Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: An Underrepresented Endpoint in Toxicology Research

“…BPA may act more broadly in the lower urinary tract, affecting the bladder as well as the prostate. Delivery of BPA (0.05-0.5 mg/kg/day) to Pietrain × Duroc mixedbreed juvenile female pigs increases the number and thickness of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expressing neurons in the bladder wall [141], raising questions about the influence of BPA, and the larger class of environmental estrogens to which it belongs, on detrusor recovery after contraction.…”

Bisphenol A regulates bladder cells responses via control of G2/M‐phase cell cycle, apoptotic signaling, MAPK pathway, and transcription factor‐associated MMP modulation

“…[ 10–14 ] In particular, BPA has been shown to cause serious urinary system diseases, such as benign prostate hyperplasia and lower urinary tract dysfunction. [ 15,16 ]…”