“…However, despite many years of development, the working mechanism is still highly debatable. 8,9 Various mechanisms, e.g., field induced charge transfer, [10][11][12][13] charge trapping, [14][15][16][17][18] metal oxide switching, 19,20 filament formation, [21][22][23][24] and polymer conformation change 25 have been proposed, but a comprehensive explanation with direct experimental proof has been elusive.…”