“…The patterns of substance use and misuse are known to be different among African American adolescents who historically report less alcohol use, but greater marijuana use than non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics (CDC, 2012; Johnston et al, 2012). Furthermore, due to the historical legacy of racism and discrimination, family structures and resources of African American families can be quite different than for non-Hispanic whites, and are often characterized by lower access to financial, educational, and other social material resources which may affect family functioning (Williams, Allen, & Robert Stockton, 1973). In spite of this, similar to previous research (Tobler & Komro, 2010), the majority of this sample of urban youth, whom was identified as at increased risk of high school dropout, experienced high-increasing trajectories of family functioning (67.1%) and parent support (59.3%).…”