Bladder cancer diagnosis from bladder wash by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a novel test for tumor recurrence

Abstract

This study proposes Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a more sensitive, rapid, non-destructive and operator-independent analytical diagnostic method for bladder cancer recurrence from bladder wash than other routinely used urine cytology and cystoscopy methods. A total of 136 patients were recruited. FTIR spectroscopic experiments were carried out as a blind study, the classification results of which were then compared with those of cytology and cystoscopy. Firstly, 71 samples (n = 37; bladder cancer and n = 34; control) were studied with transmittance FTIR spectroscopy. After achieving successful differentiation of the groups, to develop a more rapid diagnostic tool and check the reproducibility of the results, the work was continued with different samples (n = 65 as n = 44; bladder cancer and n = 21; control), using the reflection mode (ATR) of FTIR spectroscopy by a different operator. The results revealed significant alterations in moleculer content in the cancer group. Based on the spectral differences, using transmittance FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics, the diseased group was successfully differentiated from the control. When only carcinoma group was taken into consideration a sensitivity value of 100% was achieved. Similar results were also obtained by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. This study shows the power of infrared spectroscopy in the diagnosis of bladder cancer.

The use of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for analysis of biomolecules in biomedical fluids: A review

“…The shifting of FTIR spectra is associated with considerable changes of nucleic acid (DNA) in the case of cancer because of uncontrolled cell proliferation, uncontrolled cell growth, and decreasing of nucleid acid stability. The use of chemometrics principal component analysis was also successfully differentiate between samples from normal and bladder cancer subjects [29].…”

Characterization and Differentiation of Adipose Tissue by Spectroscopic and Spectral Imaging Techniques

“…These alterations can be detected rapidly and sensitively without using external agents by attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy [49,50]. Sen et al [51] aimed to investigate the effects of obesity on macromolecular alterations in order to characterize berlin fat mice (BFMI) lines according to the macromolecular alterations within SCAT and VAT by using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.…”

Application of Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool for Early Cancer Detection

“…FTIR spectroscopy is broadly used in detection and characterization of BC using blood, tissue, urine [51,52] . FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics is an observer-independent, noninvasive, rapid and economical method used in detection of bladder tumor recurrence using bladder wash samples; sampled during cystoscopy [52] .…”

“…FTIR spectroscopy is broadly used in detection and characterization of BC using blood, tissue, urine [51,52] . FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics is an observer-independent, noninvasive, rapid and economical method used in detection of bladder tumor recurrence using bladder wash samples; sampled during cystoscopy [52] . Bladder wash samples of 71 patients (n=34; control and n=37; bladder cancer) were analyzed with FTIR and the results showed significant modifications in molecular content in the cancer group (significant shift in the wavenumber of CH 3 symmetric stretching band at 2877 cm -1 ) and successful differentiation of two groups were achieved with 100% sensitivity.…”