Bladder tumor markers: Need, nature and application. 2 Tumor and tumor-associated antigens

Abstract

Despite the diversity of the available markers, none is truly specific to transitional epithelium, let alone its tumors. Some of the markers used, such as hCG and CEA, are far better known in other fields and seem to be expressed in only a minority of urothelial tumors. The majority of the available markers are tumor associated and should perhaps be considered as by-products of the process of malignancy in the urinary tract. Newer tests which are simple, rapid and easy to use have a practical advantage. These are currently the Bard BTA, BTA Stat and Aura-Tek FDP tests. So far, these markers have achieved only an arguable and marginal role in daily clinical practice, challenging the role of cytology and helping decide the type of cystoscopy. A more substantial role awaits a test with higher and more consistent sensitivity and specificity, together with the capability to provide independent diagnostic and/or prognostic information. In this part of the review we examine the literature view of the above-mentioned tests, as well as other new and some older tests such as blood group-related antigens, Lewis antigen, cytokeratins and others.

Electrochemical Methods for the Analysis of Clinically Relevant Biomolecules

“…There are other important tumor markers, such as progesterone receptor (PR), 676 prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP), 748 thyroglobulin (Tg), 749 chromogranin A (CgA), 750 β-2 microglobulin (B2M), 751 cancer-associated serum antigen (CASA), 752 mucin-like carcinoma-associated antigen (MCA), 753 Tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 (TAG-72), 754 cluster of differentiation 20 antigen (CD20), 755 bladder tumor antigen (BTA), 756 Bence-Jones protein (BJP), 757 cytokeratin fragments 21-1, 758 NY-BR-1, 759 and survivin. 760 To date, these markers have not been targets of electrochemical biosensors.…”

“…762 A peptide-based impedimetric sensor for cTnI was constructed using a small peptide, previously identified from a polyvalent phage displayed library, immobilized onto the surface of a gold electrode. 763 An increase in the charge-transfer cluster of differentiation 20 antigen (CD20) 755 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma NA bladder tumor antigen (BTA) 756 bladder, kidney NA Bence−Jones protein (BJP) 757 CLL, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia NA cytokeratin fragments 21-1 758 lung, oral NA NY-BR-1 759 breast NA survivin 760 NSCLC, breast, ovaries, pancreas, colorectal, melanoma NA resistance was observed with increasing cTnI concentrations up to 10 mg L −1 , with a LOD of 0.3 mg L −1 .…”