Bleeding in early pregnancy

Pride and prejudice: PV bleeding in same sex pregnancy

“…This has provided more rapid access to obstetric and gynaecological services and patients may be referred to EPAU from primary care settings in addition to the emergency department (Tamizian and Arulkumaran, 2004). The advent of transvaginal ultrasound scanning and more widespread access to beta-HCG testing kits has also expedited the speedy, safe and more effective care of this group of patients (Tamizian and Arulkumaran, 2004;Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2006). It has however been identified that the vast majority of EPAU service provision comprises a '9-5' service on weekdays.…”

“…Other associated factors include smoking, a history of pelvic inflammatory disease, previous ectopic pregnancy, use of an intrauterine contraceptive device and exposure to diethylstilbestrol -a synthetic oestrogen used to treat breast cancer (Tamizian and Arulkumaran, 2004;Hopkisson, 2005;Bandolier, 2007). Despite this it has been reported that many women with no associated risk factors will present with ectopic pregnancy (Varma and Gupta, 2006;Rowlinson and Hulbert, 2008).…”

Miscarriage—Evidence Based Information for the Web and Its Development Procedure

“…Miscarriage is divided into early and late miscarriage. Early miscarriage occurs before the gestational week thirteen and late miscarriage is designated beyond the thirteen week mark [37] [39].…”

“…The fetus is expelled first, then the amnio membrane tissue is left to be expelled in a later sequence [37]. The symptoms of an incomplete miscarriage is lower abdominal pain accompanied with heavy vaginal bleeding [37] [39]. The diagnosis is made by an ultrasound examination.…”

“…The endometrial layer is more than 15 mm and a fetus without cardiac activity is present. The residual tissues should be removed to reduce the pain and bleeding and to prevent the risk also of cervical vasovagal shock [39]. The bleeding will continue until the entire pregnancy is aborted [37].…”