“…Mercury, nickel, cadmium, copper, chromium, lead, and zinc are the most commonly present heavy metals in the environment. Among all these metal ions, lead is considered one of the most toxic heavy metals in terms of occurrence and can cause minor to major health complications. − Exposure to lead for extended periods results in headaches, kidney problems, cardiovascular disorders, abdominal problems, and nervous problems in adults and children. − WHO recommends that the concentration of Pb in drinking water is 10 ppb (0.048 μM); however, the strict limit is proposed as 50 ppb (0.248 μM). − Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, graphite furnace absorption spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry are the most conventional methods to detect lead in water samples. , However, these methods require derivatization, longer sample processing times, high-end instrumentations, and trained personnel. There are also several challenges to tracing the proposed limit, including higher costs, on-site monitoring, etc., since these methods have no miniaturization ability.…”