Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm

Abstract

Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm are the main facial muscle hyperactivity disorders seen in the ophthalmology clinic. They are characterized by stereotyped patterns of involuntary muscle twitching and are associated with functional blindness from eye closure, embarrassing disfigurement, and diminished quality of life. Blepharospasm, apraxia of eyelid opening, facial myokymia, eyelid myokymia, and their related syndromes are