Blockchain Systems, Technologies, and Applications: A Methodology Perspective

Abstract

In the past decade, blockchain has shown a promising vision to build trust without any powerful third party in a secure, decentralized and scalable manner. However, due to the wide application and future development from cryptocurrency to the Internet of things, blockchain is an extremely complex system enabling integration with mathematics, computer science, communication and network engineering, etc. By revealing the intrinsic relationship between blockchain and communication, networking and computing from a methodological perspective, it provided a view to the challenge that engineers, experts and researchers hardly fully understand the blockchain process in a systematic view from top to bottom. In this article we first introduce how blockchain works, the research activities and challenges, and illustrate the roadmap involving the classic methodologies with typical blockchain use cases and topics. Second, in blockchain systems, how to adopt stochastic process, game theory, optimization theory, and machine learning to study the blockchain running processes and design the blockchain protocols/algorithms are discussed in details. Moreover, the advantages and limitations using these methods are also summarized as the guide of future work to be further considered. Finally, some remaining problems from technical, commercial and political views are discussed as the open issues. The main findings of this article will provide a survey from a methodological perspective to study theoretical model for blockchain fundamentals understanding, design network service for blockchain-based mechanisms and algorithms, as well as apply blockchain for the Internet of things, etc.

Improved reputation evaluation for reliable federated learning on blockchain

“…For example, blockchain was combined with the IoT and the next generation of wireless communicaiton technologies [9]. To meet the needs of economic, traffic [10], communications [11] and other fields [12], consortium blockchains emerged [13], represented by Hyperledger Fabric. Consensus mechanisms like Proof of Stake (PoS), and directed acyclic graph-based blockchain approach which is specifically designed for distributed federated learning [14][15][16]18], sacrifice some security to reduce computational load and increase transactions per second.…”

Privacy Attacks and Defenses for Digital Twin Migrations in Vehicular Metaverses

“…Furthermore, these recycled pseudonyms are shuffled and allocated by distributed consensus (e.g., Proof-of-Pseudonym [7]) among different RSUs for reuse. Specifically, as RSUs are confidential and authorized, consortium blockchains [12] can be leveraged to ensure the security of pseudonym management and distribution relying on encryption technologies and consensus algorithms. The pseudonym shuffling transactions are packed into the blocks (i.e., distributed ledgers) among RSUs, guaranteeing the immutability and integrity of both VMU and VT pseudonyms.…”

Decentralized Innovation: Exploring the Impact of Blockchain Technology in Software Development

“…This structure ensures the immutability and transparency of the data recorded on the blockchain [32]. The architecture also includes distributed databases, which provide advantages over centrally located databases by enhancing security and reducing the risk of data manipulation [6].…”

“…These are often used in enterprise and organizational settings [32]. Additionally, blockchain technology has been applied in various fields, including Internet of Things (IoT), where it provides security and trust to IoT devices [6].…”

“…This can be particularly useful in distributed teams, where maintaining transparency and trust is crucial. The integration of blockchain in agile project tracking can lead to more efficient and transparent project management practices [6].…”