Blockchain technology opportunities in Kurdistan, applications and challenges

Abstract

<p>Recently, the blockchain technology has received a vast popularity because it brought revolutionary changes to some industries due to the fact that this technology enables the implementation of secure, decentralized and trustworthy applications. Moreover, this technology has many advantages over centralized systems such as immutability and transparency. The most common application of the blockchain technology is the Bitcoin cryptocurrency, which provides a method of transferring money in a secure way without the involvement of a central authority. In addition to the Bitcoin, there are other applications based on the blockchain technology in a variety of sectors and industries such as governance, healthcare and supply chain. In this paper, we discuss blockchain applications that can be implemented in Kurdistan and we highlight their opportunities and challenges.</p>

A vehicle-to-infrastructure communication privacy protocolused Blockchain

“…In this protocol, the sender sends a batch of messages at the end of a time slot and each relay vehicle waits for a time slot and then forwards the messages, to another relay vehicle or the RSU. The expected value of the message delivery time can be calculated by equation (1), where t ts is the length of the time slot. E [t] as a function of pf is shown in Figure 10 , using the same value of t ts as in [4], which is 300 ms.…”

“…There are various features of blockchain, such as proof-of-work and the public ledger concept, that can be used independently and applied in different sectors. [1,2]. At present, researchers have used blockchain to solve privacy problems on the Internet of Vehicles.…”

“…The principal objective of the consensus algorithm is to make sure that each node checks the generation of blocks in a distributed manner. However, there are three typical consensus algorithms: proof of work (PoW), proof of stake (PoS) and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) [1]. The PBFT consensus algorithm uses a two-thirds majority voting procedure.…”

Improved DAG in blockchain tangle for IOTA

“…It refers to attempts by users to spend the same Bitcoin more than once, essentially trying to use the same Bitcoin for multiple transactions. Bitcoin functions through a decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) network, where transactions are documented on a public ledger known as the blockchain [43]- [45]. However, to prevent double spending, these transactions need to be propagated and confirmed by the network [46]- [48].…”