Blood and interstitial flow in the hierarchical pore space architecture of bone tissue

Cowin, Stephen C.; Cardoso, Luís

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.12.013

Cited by 133 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 129 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…To our best knowledge there is a lack of reports in literature on appearing intraosseous blood flow conditions regarding vessel geometry and flow rates. The best information on this is reported for overall intraosseous flow rates in animal tissue per mass [50,51,52]. Thus, a precise estimation of acting hydrodynamic shear forces on osteoblasts in vivo cannot be given to date.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Limits of Cell Adhesion under Shear Stress within Physiological Conditions and beyond on a Chip

et al. 2016

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Cell adhesion processes are of ubiquitous importance for biomedical applications such as optimization of implant materials. Here, not only physiological conditions such as temperature or pH, but also topographical structures play crucial roles, as inflammatory reactions after surgery can diminish osseointegration. In this study, we systematically investigate cell adhesion under static, dynamic and physiologically relevant conditions employing a lab-on-a-chip system. We screen adhesion of the bone osteosarcoma cell line SaOs-2 on a titanium implant material for pH and temperature values in the physiological range and beyond, to explore the limits of cell adhesion, e.g., for feverish and acidic conditions. A detailed study of different surface roughness Rq gives insight into the correlation between the cells’ abilities to adhere and withstand shear flow and the topography of the substrates, finding a local optimum at Rq = 22 nm. We use shear stress induced by acoustic streaming to determine a measure for the ability of cell adhesion under an external force for various conditions. We find an optimum of cell adhesion for T = 37 °C and pH = 7.4 with decreasing cell adhesion outside the physiological range, especially for high T and low pH. We find constant detachment rates in the physiological regime, but this behavior tends to collapse at the limits of 41 °C and pH 4.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Limits of Cell Adhesion under Shear Stress within Physiological Conditions and beyond on a Chip

et al. 2016

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“…It provides cells with nutrients and waste removal (Bijlani, 2004) and can also be found in cortical and cancellous bone where it fills the porosities within the tissue. The three levels of porosities in bone are: (1) the vascular porosity within the Volkmann canal and the Haversian canals (20 μm radius), (2) the lacunar-canalicular system (LCS), which are the channel structures within the mineralized bone tissue surrounding osteocytes and their processes (0.1 μm radius), and (3) tiny spaces between crystallites of the mineral hydroxapatite and collagen fibers (0.01 μm radius) (Cowin and Cardoso, 2015). …”

Section: Bone Mechanotransductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Bone Cell Models: Impact of Fluid Shear Stress on Bone Formation

Wittkowske

Reilly

Lacroix

et al. 2016

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

233

225

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This review describes the role of bone cells and their surrounding matrix in maintaining bone strength through the process of bone remodeling. Subsequently, this work focusses on how bone formation is guided by mechanical forces and fluid shear stress in particular. It has been demonstrated that mechanical stimulation is an important regulator of bone metabolism. Shear stress generated by interstitial fluid flow in the lacunar-canalicular network influences maintenance and healing of bone tissue. Fluid flow is primarily caused by compressive loading of bone as a result of physical activity. Changes in loading, e.g., due to extended periods of bed rest or microgravity in space are associated with altered bone remodeling and formation in vivo. In vitro, it has been reported that bone cells respond to fluid shear stress by releasing osteogenic signaling factors, such as nitric oxide, and prostaglandins. This work focusses on the application of in vitro models to study the effects of fluid flow on bone cell signaling, collagen deposition, and matrix mineralization. Particular attention is given to in vitro set-ups, which allow long-term cell culture and the application of low fluid shear stress. In addition, this review explores what mechanisms influence the orientation of collagen fibers, which determine the anisotropic properties of bone. A better understanding of these mechanisms could facilitate the design of improved tissue-engineered bone implants or more effective bone disease models.

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“…Bone tissue is highly fluidic and interstitial fluid flow is involved in the mechanically-induced activation of bone cells (Cowin & Cardoso 2015). Mechanical loading of the skeleton creates pressure gradients that expels interstitial fluid from areas of bone that are compressed and reuptakes the interstitial fluid once the compression ends (Piekarski & Munro 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nutrient arteries also modulate bone intramedullary pressure through the circulatory supply (Lam et al 2010). Shear forces acting upon bone cell surfaces, as a result of interstitial fluid flow, provide the stimulus for mechanical loading-induced activation of bone cells and based upon the stimulus (or lack thereof) activates bone anabolic or catabolic responses (Cowin & Cardoso 2015). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical, hormonal and metabolic influences on blood vessels, blood flow and bone

Prisby

2017

Journal of Endocrinology

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Bone tissue is highly vascularized due to the various roles bone blood vessels play in bone and bone marrow function. For example, the vascular system is critical for bone development, maintenance and repair, and provides O2, nutrients, waste elimination, systemic hormones, and precursor cells for bone remodeling. Further, bone blood vessels serve as egress and ingress routes for blood and immune cells to and from the bone marrow. It is becoming increasingly clear that the vascular and skeletal systems are intimately linked in metabolic regulation and physiological and pathological processes. This review examines how agents such as mechanical loading, parathyroid hormone, estrogen, vitamin D and calcitonin, all considered anabolic for bone, have tremendous impacts on the bone vasculature. In fact, these agents influence bone blood vessels prior to impacting bone. Further, data reveal strong associations between vasodilator capacity of bone blood vessels and trabecular bone volume, and poor associations between estrogen status and uterine mass and trabecular bone volume. Additionally, this review highlights the importance of the bone microcirculation, particularly the vascular endothelium and NO-mediated signaling, in the regulation of bone blood flow, bone interstitial fluid flow and pressure, and the paracrine signaling of bone cells. Finally, the vascular endothelium as a mediator of bone health and disease is considered.

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Blood and interstitial flow in the hierarchical pore space architecture of bone tissue

Cited by 133 publications

References 129 publications

Exploring the Limits of Cell Adhesion under Shear Stress within Physiological Conditions and beyond on a Chip

Exploring the Limits of Cell Adhesion under Shear Stress within Physiological Conditions and beyond on a Chip

In Vitro Bone Cell Models: Impact of Fluid Shear Stress on Bone Formation

Mechanical, hormonal and metabolic influences on blood vessels, blood flow and bone

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