Blood doping: Then and now. A narrative review of the history, science and efficacy of blood doping in elite sport

Atkinson, Thomas S.; Kahn, Marc J.

doi:10.1016/j.blre.2019.100632

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…From a public health point of view, the abovementioned prevalence estimates for the use of doping substances, especially in recreational athletes, are alarming. The use of doping substances appears to be associated with physiological (e.g., cardiovascular, metabolic, endocrine, hepatic, renal, and musculoskeletal) and psychological side effects and with an increased mortality in general ( Pope et al, 2014 ; Momaya et al, 2015 ; Cantelmo et al, 2019 ; Atkinson and Kahn, 2020 ). However, understanding why athletes and especially recreational athletes tend to use doping substances contributes to evidence-based planning of anti-doping interventions because effective programs have to target factors causally related to the use of doping substances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refined Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Doping Survey Among Recreational Triathletes: Support for the Nutritional Supplement Gateway Hypothesis

Heller¹,

Ulrich

Simon

et al. 2020

Front. Psychol.

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Introduction: The current literature provides no consensus that nutritional supplements (NS) may provide a gateway to doping. In particular, studies in recreational athletes are lacking. Within a previous cross-sectional empirical study, our group provided first evidence that the use of NS may provide a gateway for the use of doping substances in recreational triathletes. For the present paper, we refine the analysis of the triathletes' survey in order to provide evidence for a NS gateway hypothesis in recreational athletes. Methods: A self-report, paper-and-pencil questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 2,997 competitive ironman and half-ironman (n = 1,076; 36.1%) triathletes. The randomized response technique (RRT) was used to assess the 12-month prevalence estimate for the use of doping substances. The prevalence for the use of NS was assessed by using direct questioning. Two-tailed (α = 0.05) large-sample z-tests were performed to assess whether the estimated prevalence for the use of doping substances differs significantly between users and nonusers of NS. Results: The 12-month prevalence estimate for the use of doping substances is significantly higher in athletes who report using NS (20.6%) compared to those who do not (11.4%; z = 2.595, p = 0.0097). Conclusion: The present results are consistent with the hypothesis that the use of NS provides a gateway to the use of doping substances. Therefore, doping prevention concepts should not primarily focus on preventing the use of doping substances per se, but should start one step earlier, namely by the use of NS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refined Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Doping Survey Among Recreational Triathletes: Support for the Nutritional Supplement Gateway Hypothesis

Heller¹,

Ulrich

Simon

et al. 2020

Front. Psychol.

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“…A variety of doping practices is commonly subsumed under the term “blood doping,” and an interesting narrative review on the history of altitude physiology and its immediate connection with blood manipulation strategies in sports informatively summarizes the knowns and the unknowns, the challenges, and solutions in routine doping controls 176,177 . The hematological module of the ABP, which visualizes fluctuations in selected biological markers collated over an athletes sporting career, was installed in 2009 and has since demonstrated its capability of detecting blood doping practices 178 .…”

Section: Manipulation Of Blood and Blood Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A variety of doping practices is commonly subsumed under the term "blood doping," and an interesting narrative review on the history of altitude physiology and its immediate connection with blood manipulation strategies in sports informatively summarizes the knowns and the unknowns, the challenges, and solutions in routine doping controls. 176,177 The hematological module of the ABP, which visualizes fluctuations in selected biological markers collated over an athletes sporting career, was installed in 2009 and has since demonstrated its capability of detecting blood doping practices. 178 The observed decrease in athletes' variability in reticulocyte percentage (%RET) since 2009 has also been attributed to the ABP, and its deterrent effect has been mentioned as key reason for the significant decline in athletic performance assessed for female middle-and long-distance runners before and after the implementation of this anti-doping strategy.…”

Section: Manipulation Of Blood and Blood Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual banned‐substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2019/2020

Thevis

Kuuranne

Geyer

2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Analytical chemistry-based research in sports drug testing has been a dynamic endeavor for several decades, with technology-driven innovations continuously contributing to significant improvements in various regards including analytical sensitivity, comprehensiveness of target analytes, differentiation of natural/ endogenous substances from structurally identical but synthetically derived compounds, assessment of alternative matrices for doping control purposes, and so forth. The resulting breadth of tools being investigated and developed by anti-doping researchers has allowed to substantially improve anti-doping programs and data interpretation in general. Additionally, these outcomes have been an extremely valuable pledge for routine doping controls during the unprecedented global health crisis that severely affected established sports drug testing strategies. In this edition of the annual banned-substance review, literature on recent developments in antidoping published between October 2019 and September 2020 is summarized and discussed, particularly focusing on human doping controls and potential applications of new testing strategies to substances and methods of doping specified the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2020 Prohibited List.

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“…The use of blood transfusions by elite athletes, as a means of enhancing sports performance has been well documented [ 1 , 2 ]. Early reviews associating blood transfusions with improved athletic performance were conflicting, with some claiming that the increases in blood volume and oxygen delivery post-transfusion were too transient to be advantageous [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untargeted Metabolomics Identifies a Novel Panel of Markers for Autologous Blood Transfusion

et al. 2022

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Untargeted metabolomics was used to analyze serum and urine samples for biomarkers of autologous blood transfusion (ABT). Red blood cell concentrates from donated blood were stored for 35–36 days prior to reinfusion into the donors. Participants were sampled at different time points post-donation and up to 7 days post-transfusion. Metabolomic profiling was performed using ACQUITY ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), Q-Exactive high resolution/accurate mass spectrometer interfaced with a heated electrospray ionization (HESI-II) source and Orbitrap mass analyzer operated at 35,000 mass resolution. The markers of ABT were determined by principal component analysis and metabolites that had p < 0.05 and met ≥ 2-fold change from baseline were selected. A total of 11 serum and eight urinary metabolites, including two urinary plasticizer metabolites, were altered during the study. By the seventh day post-transfusion, the plasticizers had returned to baseline, while changes in nine other metabolites (seven serum and two urinary) remained. Five of these metabolites (serum inosine, guanosine and sphinganine and urinary isocitrate and erythronate) were upregulated, while serum glycourdeoxycholate, S-allylcysteine, 17-alphahydroxypregnenalone 3 and Glutamine conjugate of C6H10O2 (2)* were downregulated. This is the first study to identify a panel of metabolites, from serum and urine, as markers of ABT. Once independently validated, it could be universally adopted to detect ABT.

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Blood doping: Then and now. A narrative review of the history, science and efficacy of blood doping in elite sport

Cited by 17 publications

References 53 publications

Refined Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Doping Survey Among Recreational Triathletes: Support for the Nutritional Supplement Gateway Hypothesis

Refined Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Doping Survey Among Recreational Triathletes: Support for the Nutritional Supplement Gateway Hypothesis

Annual banned‐substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2019/2020

Untargeted Metabolomics Identifies a Novel Panel of Markers for Autologous Blood Transfusion

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