Blue flower color development by anthocyanins: from chemical structure to cell physiology

Yoshida, Kumi; Mori, Masayuki; Kondo, Tadao

doi:10.1039/b800165k

Cited by 453 publications

(459 citation statements)

References 136 publications

(307 reference statements)

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“…One of the key enzymes responsible for bluepurple coloration in flower petals is F3959H, which catalyzes hydroxylation at the 39 and 59 positions of the B ring of naringenin and dihydrokaempferol, yielding flavanone and dihydroflavonol precursors of the chromophore delphinidin (Grotewold, 2006;Yoshida et al, 2009). Flowers that lack this enzyme, such as rose (Rosa hybrid) and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), contain only cyanidin and/or pelargonidin chromophores, so their natural coloration is restricted to yellow, pink, and red but not purple or blue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flowers that lack this enzyme, such as rose (Rosa hybrid) and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), contain only cyanidin and/or pelargonidin chromophores, so their natural coloration is restricted to yellow, pink, and red but not purple or blue. Flower color also can be affected by pH, the presence of copigments, and whether the anthocyanidin chromophores are polyacetylated or held in metal complexes (Yoshida et al, 2009). For example, hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) sepals can be red, mauve, purple, violet, or blue, yet only one anthocyanin, delphinidin 3-glucoside, is present.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The b Gene of Pea Encodes a Defective Flavonoid 3′,5′-Hydroxylase, and Confers Pink Flower Color

et al. 2012

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The inheritance of flower color in pea (Pisum sativum) has been studied for more than a century, but many of the genes corresponding to these classical loci remain unidentified. Anthocyanins are the main flower pigments in pea. These are generated via the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, which has been studied in detail and is well conserved among higher plants. A previous proposal that the Clariroseus (B) gene of pea controls hydroxylation at the 59 position of the B ring of flavonoid precursors of the anthocyanins suggested to us that the gene encoding flavonoid 39,59-hydroxylase (F3959H), the enzyme that hydroxylates the 59 position of the B ring, was a good candidate for B. In order to test this hypothesis, we examined mutants generated by fast neutron bombardment. We found allelic pink-flowered b mutant lines that carried a variety of lesions in an F3959H gene, including complete gene deletions. The b mutants lacked glycosylated delphinidin and petunidin, the major pigments present in the progenitor purple-flowered wild-type pea. These results, combined with the finding that the F3959H gene cosegregates with b in a genetic mapping population, strongly support our hypothesis that the B gene of pea corresponds to a F3959H gene. The molecular characterization of genes involved in pigmentation in pea provides valuable anchor markers for comparative legume genomics and will help to identify differences in anthocyanin biosynthesis that lead to variation in pigmentation among legume species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The b Gene of Pea Encodes a Defective Flavonoid 3′,5′-Hydroxylase, and Confers Pink Flower Color

et al. 2012

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“…A homologous series with one to three hydroxyl groups on the B-ring evolves. The introduction of the hydroxyl groups also leads to the presence of adjacent hydroxyl groups in cyanidin chloride and delphinidin chloride, which is an essential condition for their ability to form chelate-complexes [15][16][17][18]. Increasing number of hydroxyl groups and the presence of adjacent hydroxyl groups should also stabilize the formation of PLA-dye complexes [19].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anthocyanidins are natural colorants which occur in a wide variety of flowers and fruits [15,16]. The general structure of anthocyanidins is displayed in Figure 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermochromic Biopolymer Based on Natural Anthocyanidin Dyes

Lötzsch¹,

Ruhmann²,

Seeboth³

2013

OJPChem

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Recently a novel thermochromic poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-composite material was presented. Depending on temperature the incorporated anthocyanidin dye was found to be present either in its neutral or anionic anhydrobase form. A reversible formation of PLA-dye complexes triggered by conformational changes of the polymer backbone was proposed to explain this thermochromic effect. In order to study the influence of the dye structure on the PLA-dye complex formation and on the thermochromic properties of the PLA-composite material a variation of the anthocyanidin dye structure was investigated. The results indicate that a hydroxyl group in 3'-position of the anthocyanidin dye resulting in the presence of adjacent hydroxyl groups is mandatory for the PLA-anthocyanidin dye complex formation and thus for the occurrence of thermochromism.

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“…6 Antosianin termasuk dalam kelompok flavonoid, yang memiliki kelompok fenolik pada struktur kimiawinya dan memberikan warna pada beberapa bunga dan buah. 7 Antosianin juga memiliki peran sebagai antiinflamasi dan neuroprotektan. 8 Studi untuk meneliti efek antioksidan dan antiinflamasi antosianin pada tikus model Alzheimer menunjukkan bahwa antosianin memberikan efek positif pada fungsi kognitif tikus model tersebut.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

PENGARUH ANTOSIANIN UBI UNGU (Ipomoea batatas L.) KULTIVAR GUNUNG KAWI TERHADAP EKSPRESI CASPASE-3 PADA JARINGAN OTAK TIKUS MODEL DM TIPE 2

Prakosa¹,

Ratnawati²,

Prabawati³

2017

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AbstrakDiabetes melitus (DM) merupakangangguan metabolism yang menyebabkan kondisi hiperglikemia. Hiperglikemia akan memicu pembentukan radikal bebas. Radikal bebas yang berlebihan dapat merusak sistem membran sel dan kematian sel di berbagai jaringan tubuh. Salah satu penanda terjadinya kematian sel pada suatu jaringan adalah caspase-3. Ubi ungu merupakan tanaman tradisional yang mengandung antosianin yang bermanfaat sebagai antiinflamasi, antioksidan, neuroprotektan, dan antidiabetik. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian antosianin ubi ungu terhadap ekspresi caspase-3 pada jaringan otak tikus Wistar yang diinduksi DM tipe 2. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental post-test only control group. Sampel penelitian terbagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, antosianin dosis 10 mg/kgBB, dosis 20 mg/kgBB, dan dosis 80 mg/kgBB selama 5 minggu. Kontrol positif adalah tikus yang dibuat DM tipe 2, sedangkan kontrol negatif adalah tikus sehat. Ekspresi caspase-3 diukur dengan metode imunohistokimia. Analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi caspase-3 berbeda secara bermakna pada semua kelompok perlakuan (ANOVA, p<0,05). Pemberian antosianin dosis 10 dan 20 mg/kgBB menurunkan ekspresi caspase-3 secara bermakna dibandingkan kontrol positif, sedangkan pemberian antosianindosis 80 mg/kgBB justru meningkatkan ekspresi caspase-3. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian antosianin dosis 10 dan 20 mg/kgBB menurunkan ekspresi caspase-3 pada jaringan otak tikus wistar model DM tipe 2.Kata kunci: antosianin, ekspresi caspase-3, hiperglikemia, jaringan otak THE EFFECT OF PURPLE SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas L.) ANTHOCYANIN ON THE EXPRESSION OF CASPASE-3 IN BRAIN TISSUE OF DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2-INDUCED RATS AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that leads to the condition of hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia will trigger the formation of free radicals. Excessive free radicals can damage the cell membrane system and cell death in various tissues. Caspase-3 is a marker of cell death in a tissue. Purple sweet potato is a traditional crop that contain anthocyanins that are useful as antiinflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotectant, and antidiabetic. This study was conducted to determine the effect of purple sweet potato anthocyanin on the expression of caspase-3 in brain tissue of diabetes mellitus type 2-induced Wistar rats. This study used an experimental post-test only control group design. The research sample was divided into 5 groups: negative control, positive control, anthocyanin dose of 10 mg/kg, dose of 20 mg/kg, and dose of 80 mg/kg for 6 weeks. Positive control contained of rats with DM type 2, whereas negative control contained of the healthy rats. The expression of caspase-3 was measured by immunohistochemistry methods. Statistic analysis result showed that the expression of caspase-3 increased significantly in all treatment groups (ANOVA, p < 0,05). Anthocyanin dose of 10 and 20mg/kg treatment decreased the expression of caspase-3 significantly more than the...

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Blue flower color development by anthocyanins: from chemical structure to cell physiology

Cited by 453 publications

References 136 publications

The b Gene of Pea Encodes a Defective Flavonoid 3′,5′-Hydroxylase, and Confers Pink Flower Color

The b Gene of Pea Encodes a Defective Flavonoid 3′,5′-Hydroxylase, and Confers Pink Flower Color

Thermochromic Biopolymer Based on Natural Anthocyanidin Dyes

PENGARUH ANTOSIANIN UBI UNGU (Ipomoea batatas L.) KULTIVAR GUNUNG KAWI TERHADAP EKSPRESI CASPASE-3 PADA JARINGAN OTAK TIKUS MODEL DM TIPE 2

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