Bluetooth Low Power Modes Applied to the Data Transportation Network in Home Automation Systems

Abstract

Even though home automation is a well-known research and development area, recent technological improvements in different areas such as context recognition, sensing, wireless communications or embedded systems have boosted wireless smart homes. This paper focuses on some of those areas related to home automation. The paper draws attention to wireless communications issues on embedded systems. Specifically, the paper discusses the multi-hop networking together with Bluetooth technology and latency, as a quality of service (QoS) metric. Bluetooth is a worldwide standard that provides low power multi-hop networking. It is a radio license free technology and establishes point-to-point and point-to-multipoint links, known as piconets, or multi-hop networks, known as scatternets. This way, many Bluetooth nodes can be interconnected to deploy ambient intelligent networks. This paper introduces the research on multi-hop latency done with park and sniff low power modes of Bluetooth over the test platform developed. Besides, an empirical model is obtained to calculate the latency of Bluetooth multi-hop communications over asynchronous links when links in scatternets are always in sniff or the park mode. Smart home devices and networks designers would take advantage of the models and the estimation of the delay they provide in communications along Bluetooth multi-hop networks.

Towards Autonomous Driving: Technologies and Data for Vehicles-to-Everything Communication

“…14,15) Up to 20 km Can be used as an alternative to Wi-Fi; 4G LTE does not support C-V2X applications as well 5G NR, although the infrastructure is more deployed [2,132] NB IoT (3GPP Rel. 13) Up to 10 km Suitable in smart parking systems; small data volume amounts are transmitted, e.g., parking lot availability and parking time [137] One of the main concerns in V2X communication research that can be found in the literature is the system performance in terms of the bit error rate (BER), signal-to-noise Ratio (SNR), signal throughput, and latency [123,129]. BER is defined as the ratio between the number of unsuccessfully transmitted bits and the number of all transmitted bits.…”

“…One of the main concerns in V2X communication research that can be found in the literature is the system performance in terms of the bit error rate (BER), signal-to-noise Ratio (SNR), signal throughput, and latency [ 123 , 129 ]. BER is defined as the ratio between the number of unsuccessfully transmitted bits and the number of all transmitted bits.…”

“…[ 123 ] stated that in order to keep the BER lower, the received power at the vehicle must be larger or equal to the receiver sensitivity. The researches of [ 129 ] conducted studies on the BER and throughput analyses for the performance of Bluetooth. Some 3GPP standard communications [ 126 ] have used Long-Term Evolution (LTE) turbo coding to minimize BER and found that increasing vehicle density does not affect it.…”