Blunted Stress Cortisol Response in Abstinent Alcoholic and Polysubstance‐Abusing Men

Lovallo, William R.; Dickensheets, Stacey L.; Myers, Dean A.; Thomas, Terrie L.; Nixon, Sara Jo

doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02036.x

Cited by 240 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The long-term effect of heavy alcohol use will primarily mirror that of the stress model where acute alcohol consumption aimed at coping with daily life stress will initially lead to a hyperactive HPA-axis. However, the body’s chronic exposure to increased levels of alcohol will consequentially cause wear-and-tear on this regulatory system and ultimately result in a hypoactive HPA-axis due to allostatic load (Lovallo et al, 2000; Koob and Le Moal, 2001; McEwen, 2004; Lovallo, 2006). This is consistent with our finding that an increased level of alcohol consumption was linked to a blunted CAR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between alcohol consumption, perceived stress, and CRHR1 genotype on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in rural African Americans

et al. 2015

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Objective: Rurally situated African Americans suffer from stress and drug-related health disparities. Unfortunately, research on potential mechanisms that underlie this public health problem have received limited focus in the scientific literature. This study investigated the effects of perceived stress, alcohol consumption, and genotype on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) Axis. Methods: A rural sample of African American emerging adults (n = 84) completed a battery of assessments and provided six samples of salivary cortisol at wakeup, 30 min post wakeup, 90 min post wakeup, 3:00 PM, 3:30 PM, and 4:30 PM. Results: Participants with a TT genotype of the CRHR1 (rs4792887) gene tended to produce the most basal cortisol throughout the day while participants with a CC genotype produced the least amount. Increased levels of perceived stress or alcohol consumption were associated with a blunted cortisol awakening response (CAR). Moreover, the CAR was obliterated for participants who reported both higher stress and alcohol consumption. Conclusion: Perceived stress and alcohol consumption had a deleterious effect on the HPA-Axis. Furthermore, genotype predicted level of cortisol production throughout the day. These findings support the need to further investigate the relationship between stress dysregulation, drug-use vulnerability, and associated health disparities that affect this community.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Drug use has been linked to the stress-response system in both rats (Coste et al, 2000) and humans (Lovallo et al, 2000; Fox et al, 2007). Specifically, dysregulation of the HPA has been associated with drug dependence, withdrawal, and relapse (Koob and Le Moal, 2001; Lovallo, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between alcohol consumption, perceived stress, and CRHR1 genotype on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in rural African Americans

et al. 2015

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“…However, after more prolonged periods of abstinence, cocaine addicts exhibit decreased acoustic startle compared with healthy controls, suggesting a dampened stress response [111]. Additionally, stimulant dependent individuals exhibit decreased cortisol response to a stressful situation, as do alcoholics after longer periods of abstinence [94, 112, 113]. However, when marijuana dependence is added to the equation, the results are quite different.…”

Section: Clinical Studies Of Substance Use and Stress Responsivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Substance use modulates stress reactivity: Behavioral and physiological outcomes

Fosnocht

Briand

2016

Physiology & Behavior

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Drug addiction is a major public health concern in the United States costing taxpayers billions in health care costs, lost productivity and law enforcement. However, the availability of effective treatment options remains limited. The development of novel therapeutics will not be possible without a better understanding of the addicted brain. Studies in both clinical and preclinical models indicate that chronic drug use leads to alterations in the body and brain’s response to stress. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may shed light on the ability of stress to increase vulnerability to relapse. Further, within both the HPA axis and limbic brain regions, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is critically involved in the brain’s response to stress. Alterations in both central and peripheral CRF activity seen following chronic drug use provide a mechanism by which substance use can alter stress reactivity, thus mediating addictive phenotypes. While many reviews have focused on how stress alters drug-mediated changes in physiology and behavior, the goal of this review is to focus on how substance use alters responses to stress.

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“…On the other hand, ethanol is known to serve as a stressor itself. For example, alcoholics undergoing treatment to maintain abstinence often present with alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) function (Adinoff et al, 1996; Costa et al, 1996; Lovallo, Dickensheets, Myers, Thomas, & Nixon, 2000; Marchesi, Chiodera, Ampollini, Volpi, & Coiro, 1997; Uhart & Wand, 2009). These alterations in baseline HPA axis activity along with enhanced reactivity to stress may trigger relapse and further augment drinking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of different stressors on voluntary ethanol intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent C57BL/6J mice

López

Anderson

Becker

2016

Alcohol

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Several animal models have evaluated the effect of stress on voluntary ethanol intake with mixed results. The experiments reported here examined the effects of different stressors on voluntary ethanol consumption in dependent and nondependent adult male C57BL/6J mice. In Experiment 1, restraint, forced swim, and social defeat stress procedures all tended to reduce ethanol intake in nondependent mice regardless of whether the stress experience occurred 1 h or 4 h prior to ethanol access. The reduction in ethanol consumption was most robust following restraint stress. Experiment 2 examined the effects of forced swim stress and social defeat stress on drinking in a dependence model that involved repeated cycles of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure. Repeated exposure to forced swim stress prior to intervening test drinking periods that followed repeated cycles of CIE exposure further increased ethanol consumption in CIE-exposed mice while not altering intake in nondependent mice. In contrast, repeated exposure to the social defeat stressor in a similar manner reduced ethanol consumption in CIE-exposed mice while not altering drinking in nondependent mice. Results from Experiment 3 confirmed this selective effect of forced swim stress increasing ethanol consumption in mice with a history of CIE exposure, and also demonstrated that enhanced drinking is only observed when the forced swim stressor is administered during each test drinking week, but not if it is applied only during the final test week. Collectively, these studies point to a unique interaction between repeated stress experience and CIE exposure, and also suggest that such an effect depends on the nature of the stressor. Future studies will need to further explore the generalizability of these results, as well as mechanisms underlying the ability of forced swim stress to selectively further enhance ethanol consumption in dependent (CIE-exposed) mice but not alter intake in nondependent animals.

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Blunted Stress Cortisol Response in Abstinent Alcoholic and Polysubstance‐Abusing Men

Abstract: The apparent stress hyporesponsiveness of the AD and ADSD patients suggests a persistent disruption of HPA function, perhaps due to incomplete recovery from prior abuse, or to a preexisting alteration in neural systems that regulate HPA responses to stress.

Cited by 240 publications

References 47 publications

The relationship between alcohol consumption, perceived stress, and CRHR1 genotype on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in rural African Americans

The relationship between alcohol consumption, perceived stress, and CRHR1 genotype on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in rural African Americans

Substance use modulates stress reactivity: Behavioral and physiological outcomes

Effect of different stressors on voluntary ethanol intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent C57BL/6J mice

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