BMP Signaling in the Development and Regeneration of Cranium Bones and Maintenance of Calvarial Stem Cells

Abstract

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway is highly conserved across many species, and its importance for the patterning of the skeletal system has been demonstrated. A disrupted BMP signaling pathway results in severe skeletal defects. Murine calvaria has been identified to have dual-tissue lineages, namely, the cranial neural-crest cells and the paraxial mesoderm. Modulations of the BMP signaling pathway have been demonstrated to be significant in determining calvarial osteogenic potentials and ossification in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, the BMP signaling pathway plays a role in the maintenance of the homeostasis of the calvarial stem cells, indicating a potential clinic significance in calvarial bone and in expediting regeneration. Following the inherent evidence of BMP signaling in craniofacial biology, we summarize recent discoveries relating to BMP signaling in the development of calvarial structures, functions of the suture stem cells and their niche and regeneration. This review will not only provide a better understanding of BMP signaling in cranial biology, but also exhibit the molecular targets of BMP signaling that possess clinical potential for tissue regeneration.

CHRDL2 promotes osteosarcoma cell proliferation and metastasis through the BMP‐9/PI3K/AKT pathway

“…BMPs and their antagonists are multifunctional cytokines which involved in various biology function of cells including growth, differentiation, and mobility (Chen et al, 2020). Dysregulation of BMPs and their antagonists has been proved to be one of the obvious biomarkers in osteosarcoma, and detection of the expression of BMPs and their antagonists in osteosarcoma has been demonstrated in several research (Gobbi et al, 2002; Nguyen et al, 2014).…”

WITHDRAWN: Efficacy of Chinese Herbal Formulation Combined With Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Repairing Rat Cartilage Tissues

“…In recent years, with the development of regenerative medicine, cell therapy based on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells has developed rapidly, especially canonical signaling pathways have been demonstrated to be involved in regulation of regenerative medicine [8,10] as well as the microRNA [9].…”

“…However, these treatments can only temporarily relieve pain and improve joint function, but cannot prevent the progress of cartilage defects [4][5][6]. A large number of studies on patients with cartilage defects and animal models of cartilage defects show that a variety of cytokines are involved in the occurrence and development of cartilage defects, such as transforming growth factor-beta (transforming growth factor-beta, TGF-beta) [7][8][9][10]. TGF-beta can signi cantly promote the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into cartilage [11,12], and also inhibit the continued differentiation and hypertrophy of mature chondrocytes.…”

Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase—A Gatekeeper of Physiological Conditions in Health and a Modulator of Biological Environments in Disease

“…However, the present view envisions craniosynostosis as a growth disorder rather than a mere mineralization problem [ 122 ]. In this context, it is important to take into account that the skull is composed of bones that are derived from different embryonic tissues, neural crest-derived, and paraxial mesenchyme derived skeletal precursors [ 123 ]. Moreover, the suture comprises several specific stem cell populations that are spatially organized over time and differentially contribute to the suture closure process [ 124 , 125 ].…”