Body fat mass, lean body mass and associated biomarkers as determinants of bone mineral density in children 6–8 years of age – The Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) study

Soininen, Sonja; Sidoroff, Virpi; Lindi, Virpi; Mahonen, Anitta; Kröger, Liisa; Kröger, Heikki; Jääskeläinen, Jarmo; Atalay, Mustafa; Laaksonen, David E.; Laitinen, Tomi; Lakka, Timo A.

doi:10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.003

Cited by 40 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 66 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In mice, irisin produced during exercise had positive effects on cortical mineral density and geometry (93,94). In 6-8 years-old children, Soininen et al found a significant positive association between circulating irisin and BMD (95).…”

Section: Exercise and Mechanical Signals Are Anabolic To Skeletal Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

The Bones of Children With Obesity

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Excess adiposity in childhood may affect bone development, ultimately leading to bone frailty. Previous reports showing an increased rate of extremity fractures in children with obesity support this fear. On the other hand, there is also evidence suggesting that bone mineral content is higher in obese children than in normal weight peers. Both adipocytes and osteoblasts derive from multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and obesity drives the differentiation of MSCs toward adipocytes at the expense of osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, adipocytes in bone marrow microenvironment release a number of pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecules that up-regulate formation and activation of osteoclasts, thus favoring bone frailty. On the other hand, body adiposity represents a mechanical load, which is beneficial for bone accrual. In this frame, bone quality, and structure result from the balance of inflammatory and mechanical stimuli. Diet, physical activity and the hormonal milieu at puberty play a pivotal role on this balance. In this review, we will address the question whether the bone of obese children and adolescents is unhealthy in comparison with normal-weight peers and discuss mechanisms underlying the differences in bone quality and structure. We anticipate that many biases and confounders affect the clinical studies conducted so far and preclude us from achieving robust conclusions. Sample-size, lack of adequate controls, heterogeneity of study designs are the major drawbacks of the existing reports. Due to the increased body size of children with obesity, dual energy absorptiometry might overestimate bone mineral density in these individuals. Magnetic resonance imaging, peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT) scanning and high-resolution pQCT are promising techniques for the accurate estimate of bone mineral content in obese children. Moreover, no longitudinal study on the risk of incident osteoporosis in early adulthood of children and adolescents with obesity is available. Finally, we will address emerging dietary issues (i.e., the likely benefits for the bone health of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols) since an healthy diet (i.e., the Mediterranean diet) with balanced intake of certain nutrients associated with physical activity remain the cornerstones for achieving an adequate bone accrual in young individuals regardless of their adiposity degree.

show abstract

Section: Exercise and Mechanical Signals Are Anabolic To Skeletal Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

The Bones of Children With Obesity

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, the available evidence is not completely understood, and the results of published studies have been mixed. Some studies have reported a positive association between adipose tissue and childhood bone mineral density (BMD) or bone mineral content (BMC) [17][18][19][20], whereas others have reported a negative [21][22][23] or null [24,25] association.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Weight-Adjusted Body Fat and Fat Distribution with Bone Mineral Density in Chinese Children Aged 6–10 Years

Liang

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2020

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Although obesity is considered osteoprotective, the effects of body fat and fat distribution on bone tissue after adjusting for the effects of body weight remain uncertain. This study evaluated the relationships between fat mass, fat distribution, and bone mineral status beyond its weight-bearing effect. We recruited 466 children aged 6-10 years in China. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to determine the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in the total body and total body less head (TBLH), as well as the fat mass (FM) and percentage fat mass (%FM) of the total and segmental body. Weight-adjusted measures of FM and %FM were derived using the residual method. After adjusting for the effects of covariates, we observed statistically significant, dose-dependent negative relationships between the TBLH·BMD/BMC and various weight-adjusted measures of body fat (p for trend: <0.001-0.038). For each standard deviation increment in the weight-adjusted total body, TBLH, trunk and limbs, the size-adjusted BMC decreased approximately 9. 44, 9.28, 8.13, and 6.65 g in boys, respectively, and by approximately 13.74, 13.71, 7.84, and 12.95 g in girls, respectively. Significant inverse associations between FM accumulation in the total body and most body parts with the BMD/BMC were observed in both boys and girls after adjusting for weight and potential confounders.

show abstract

“…Leptin was also increased in offspring with less glucose tolerance. Serum leptin is correlated with body fat mass in humans 37 and mice, 38 supporting the notion of differences in body composition. This marker could also indicate a decreased appetite in MNR offspring, particularly in those with glucose intolerance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Offspring from maternal nutrient restriction in mice show variations in adult glucose metabolism similar to human fetal growth restriction

Radford

Han

2018

J Dev Orig Health Dis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a pregnancy condition in which fetal growth is suboptimal for gestation, and this population is at increased risk for type 2 diabetes as adults. In humans, maternal malnutrition and placental insufficiency are the most common causes of FGR, and both result in fetal undernutrition. We hypothesized that maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) in mice will cause FGR and alter glucose metabolism in adult offspring. Pregnant CD-1 mice were subjected to MNR (70% of average ad libitum) or control (ad libitum) from E6.5 to birth. Following birth, mice were fostered by mothers on ad libitum feeds. Weight, blood glucose, glucose tolerance and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity were assessed in male offspring. MNR resulted in reduced fetal sizes but caught up to controls by 3 days postnatal age. As adults, glucose intolerance was detected in 19% of male MNR offspring. At 6 months, liver size was reduced (P = 0.01), but pAkt-to-Akt ratios in response to insulin were increased 2.5-fold relative to controls (P = 0.004). These data suggest that MNR causes FGR and long-term glucose intolerance in a population of male offspring similar to human populations. This mouse model can be used to investigate the impacts of FGR on tissues of importance in glucose metabolism.

show abstract

Body fat mass, lean body mass and associated biomarkers as determinants of bone mineral density in children 6–8 years of age – The Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) study

Cited by 40 publications

References 66 publications

The Bones of Children With Obesity

The Bones of Children With Obesity

Associations of Weight-Adjusted Body Fat and Fat Distribution with Bone Mineral Density in Chinese Children Aged 6–10 Years

Offspring from maternal nutrient restriction in mice show variations in adult glucose metabolism similar to human fetal growth restriction

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About