Body size and subcutaneous fat patterning in adolescence.

Matthes, J. W. A.; Lewis, PS; Davies, D P; Bethel, Jackie

doi:10.1136/adc.75.6.521

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…12 Truncal fat and waist -hip ratio may represent two different hormonal and metabolic states and it has been suggested that the former could be related to glucocorticoid sensitivity and programmed in early life. 7,28 Unfortunately this study did not measure subscapular or triceps skinfolds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29 More specifically, despite catch-up growth in the first year of life, 30 babies born small for gestational age tend to be lighter and shorter than their peers in childhood, 31 -33 and late adolescence, 30,34 particularly if they are male. 12 In this study childhood weight was adjusted for height whereas birth weight was unable to be adjusted for gestational age or birth length. This second interpretation is unlikely, particularly for men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Birth weight, childhood growth and abdominal obesity in adult life

Kuh

Hardy

Chaturvedi³

et al. 2002

Int J Obes

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OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of adult abdominal obesity to birth weight, childhood growth and lifetime socioeconomic circumstances. METHODS: A cohort of 3200 men and women with measured waist and hip circumference, height and weight at age 43 who have been followed since their birth in March 1946 in England, Scotland and Wales. Regression models were used to examine mean waist -hip ratio and waist circumference in relation to prospective measures of birth weight, weight relative to height in childhood at ages 4, 7, 11 and 15 and adult body mass index, and to test the independent and interactive nature of the associations and adjust for childhood and adult social class. RESULTS: There was a small inverse effect of birth weight on waist -hip ratio (P ¼ 0.037) but not waist circumference in women, after adjustment for current body size. Relative weight at age 7 was inversely related to waist -hip ratio and waist circumference in men (P < 0.001 for both) and waist circumference in women (P ¼ 0.007) after adjustment for current body size. These relationships were attenuated in men of large body mass index (P < 0.01 for interactions between relative weight at 7 y and body mass index in both cases) but were not modified by birth weight. Relative weights at other ages showed similar patterns to those observed at age 7, the effect being weakest at age 4. These findings were independent of lifetime socioeconomic circumstances. CONCLUSION: This study found a small prenatal inverse effect of fetal growth on adult waist -hip ratio due to a reduced hip size. There was also an inverse postnatal effect of childhood growth such that for any given adult body size those who had been lighter in childhood were more at risk of abdominal obesity. These relationships were independent of childhood socioeconomic circumstances and support the idea that insulin resistance may be linked to low weight in childhood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth weight, childhood growth and abdominal obesity in adult life

Kuh

Hardy

Chaturvedi³

et al. 2002

Int J Obes

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“…In a comparison of 165 case-control pairs of low birthweight and normal birthweight adolescents in Cardiff, UK, the low birthweight cases had a lower BMI than the normal birthweight controls, but there was no significant difference between the cases and controls in TSF or SSSF. 44 This implies that the lower BMI in adolescence of the low birthweight cases resulted from reduced LBM rather than reduced adiposity. In a study of 216 adolescent girls in Southampton UK, birthweight was negatively associated with SSSF and unassociated with TSF on adjusting for BMI.…”

Section: -73-year-oldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study in Cardiff, 165 adolescents who had been term, low birthweight babies (ie o2500 g) were paired with normal birthweight (3000-3800 g) controls, matched for sex, parity, date of birth and gestation. 44 At age 15-16 y, the cases were shorter and lighter than the controls with lower BMI, but there were no differences in triceps or SSSF thicknesses, or in the STR in either boys or girls. No comparison of SF ratios was made after controlling for BMI.…”

Section: Is Birthweight Associated With Subsequent Fat Distribution?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of birthweight and intrauterine environment on adiposity and fat distribution in later life

2003

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OBJECTIVE:To review the literature on the association between birthweight and body mass index (BMI) and obesity in later life. METHODS: Included in the review were papers appearing in Medline since 1966 and identified using the search terms obesity, body fat, waist, body constitution, birthweight and birth weight. Further papers were identified by examining bibliographies. RESULTS: There is good evidence that there is an association between birthweight and subsequent BMI and overweight in young adults and children, which is linear and positive in some studies and J-or U-shaped in others. The evidence is less strong for middle-aged subjects. Studies that have assessed lean body mass (LBM) and fat body mass have tended to find that birthweight is positively associated with LBM and negatively associated with relative adiposity. This suggests that the association between birthweight and BMI/overweight does not necessarily reflect increased adiposity at higher birthweights. On controlling for current body mass there is fairly consistent evidence of a negative association between birthweight and a central pattern of fat distribution as measured by central:peripheral skinfold ratios. It has been suggested that the prenatal period is a 'critical' period for the development of adiposity, but it is unclear how far associations between birthweight and subsequent body habitus are genetic in origin and how far they result from intrauterine 'programming'. Two lines of evidence would suggest that the association is predominantly genetic. Studies of monozygotic twins have found environmentally determined differences in birthweight to be unrelated to subsequent BMI, and the association between birthweight and BMI is substantially reduced on controlling for parental BMI. However, some evidence of an influence of intrauterine environment on later obesity comes from studies of subjects who were exposed in utero to the effects of diabetes, famine conditions or smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The reasons for the positive association between birthweight and BMI remain unclear. More studies including accurate measurement of body composition are needed to assess how far this relation is accounted for by changes in fat mass or by changes in lean mass. Studies with accurate measures of parental BMI would also be useful in assessing the importance of this confounder.

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“…19 Subscapular, suprailliac, thigh and triceps skinfold thicknesses have been described as the best anthropmetric indices for adiposity in children compared with WHR or waist circumference. 20 To our knowledge, the impact of birth weight on ethnic differences in subcutaneous and central adiposity estimated from skinfold thicknesses has been little investigated. The objective of this investigation was therefore to determine which types of subcutaneous and central adiposity, represented by different measurements of skinfold thicknesses, are associated with birth weight in White, Black and Hispanic American children aged 5±11 y.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of birth weight on ethnic variations in subcutaneous and central adiposity in American children aged 5–11 years. A study from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

et al. 2000

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the types of subcutaneous adiposity represented by different measurements of skinfold thickness that are associated with birth weight in white (n 759), Black (n 916) and Hispanic (n 813) American children aged 5±11 y. We also determined the contribution of birth weight to ethnic differences in subcutaneous and central adiposity. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data for this analysis were from the Third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The outcome measures were triceps, subscapular, suprailliac and thigh skinfold thicknesses at 5±11 y of age. Central adiposity was de®ned as ratios of subscapular to triceps (STR) and central±peripheral (CPR) (subscapular suprailliac)a(triceps thigh) skinfolds. Partial correlation analyses were used to determine the association between birth weight and measures of subcutaneous fatness, while multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the independent contribution of birth weight to ethnicity variations in subcutaneous and central adiposity adjusting for sex, age and BMI. RESULTS: Overall, birth weight was negatively associated with subscapular skinfold and central adiposity in White, Black and Hispanic American children (P`0.05). Birth weight was also negatively associated with suprailliac skinfold in both Blacks and Hispanics (P`0.01) and with sum of the four skinfolds in Blacks (P`0.05). Compared with White, Black ethnicity was negatively associated with triceps, suprailliac thigh and sum of skinfold thicknesses controlling for birth weight, sex, age and BMI (P`0.01). Compared with White, Hispanic ethnicity was negatively associated with triceps, thigh and sum of skinfold thicknesses (P`0.01). Both Black and Hispanic ethnicity was positively associated with STR and CPR (P`0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In this population of American children, the association of birth weights with subcutaneous and central fat accumulation may be due to fetal programming. Since the impact of fetal conditions is likely to be modi®ed by life course, de®ning the interaction between factors that are present at birth and subsequent exposures is one of the essential challenges for future research.

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Body size and subcutaneous fat patterning in adolescence.

Cited by 14 publications

References 14 publications

Birth weight, childhood growth and abdominal obesity in adult life

Birth weight, childhood growth and abdominal obesity in adult life

The influence of birthweight and intrauterine environment on adiposity and fat distribution in later life

Impact of birth weight on ethnic variations in subcutaneous and central adiposity in American children aged 5–11 years. A study from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

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